The
city again became a political force during the so-called Isin-Larsa period.
After the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed ca. 2002 BCE, Ishbi-Erra (an
official of Ibbi-Sin, the last king of the Ur), relocated to Isin ((modern
city of al-Diwaniyah) and set up a government which purported to be the successor to the Ur
dynasty. From Isin, Ishbi-Erra recaptured Ur as well as the cities of
Uruk and Lagash, which Larsa was subject to. Subsequent Isin rulers
appointed governors to rule over Lagash; one such governor was an Amorite
named Gungunum. He eventually broke with Isin from ruler; Lapit-Ishtar and established an independent
dynasty in Larsa.
Brother of Warad-Sin.
Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk. He defeated Damiq-Ilishu of Isin and
captured it in 1794 BCE. Later Rim-Sin I was defeated by Hammurabi, Larsa
along with Isin was
taken into Babylon.
BABYLONPerhaps the best-known of the early
Mesopotamian imperial peoples. Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia,
sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in
present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 mi)
south of Baghdad. It has been officially recognized as one of the first
civilizations on earth. Babylon existed south of Baghdad mainly on the banks
of river Euphrates and close by river Tigris in the north. Even after the final destruction of the Babylonian state by
Persia in the 6th century BCE, the Babylonian people survived for more than 1100
years more before being submerged within their distant relatives, the Arabs.
1st Dynasty (Amorite)
Sumuabum (Contemporary
of Ilushuma of Assyria)..........1894 - 1880
BCE
Sumulael (Contemporary
of Erishum I of Assyria).........1880 - 1844
Babylon was sacked. and another dynasty was established. These rulers did not
rule Babylon itself, but rather the Sumerian regions (the
delta of the Euphrates and upper Gulf coast)
south of it.
Sea Land Dynasty
Ilima-Ilu
Itti-Ili-nibi..................................................fl.
c. 1700
Damiq-Ilishu
Ishkibal.......................................................fl.
c. < 1650
Shushshi
Gulkishar
Peshgaldaramash................................................fl.
c. < 1550
Adarakalamma
Ekurduanna.....................................................fl.
c. 1500
Melamkurkukka
Ea-Gamil.......................................................fl.
c. < 1450
Hittite Empire
The Hittites, arising in central Anatolia within what later was known as
Cappadocia, were one of the earliest peoples to make extensive use of iron.
They are also the first Aryan people to achieve a civilization. The empire
begins disintegrating from c. 1500 on into numerous Neo-Hittite local
Kingdoms as Kizzuwadna, Kummuhu, Milid, Sam'al, Tabal and Tarhuntassa.
BABYLON
2nd Dynasty (Kassite)
Gandash
Agum
I.........................................................fl. c. 1700
Kashtiliash I
Ushshi.........................................................fl. c. < 1650
Abirattash
Kashtiliash II
Urzigurumash
Kharbashikhu...................................................fl. c. 1600
Tiptakzi
Agum
II........................................................fl. c. < 1550
Burnaburiash I
Unknown rulers
Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash....................................................fl. c. < 1450
Elam was a
state on coastal regions along the northern shore of the Persian Gulf, from what is
now Kuwait to the Straits of Hormuz. This state existed from c. 2550 to 644
BCE. It was captured by Assyria state.
Antigonos I
Monophthalmus................................316 - 312
Greek: Ἀντίγονος ὁ Μονόφθαλμος, "Antigonus the
One-eyed", 382 BC - 301 BC), son of Philip from Elimeia, was a
Macedonian nobleman, general, and satrap under Alexander the Great.
During his early life he served under Philip II, and he was a major
figure in the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexander's death,
declaring himself king and establishing the Antigonid
dynasty.
The Caliphate............................................636 - 945
Abu Hafs Umar I ibn al-Khattab al-Adawi..................636 - 644
He is the 2nd caliph of Islam since 634 CE. He
captured present areas of Iraq from Persian ruler; Yazdegerd III in 636 CE.
Abu Amr Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi........................644 - 656
Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hashimi.................656 - 660
opposed by...
Aysha bint Abu Bakr (female)..............................656
with...
Aysha was the favorite wife of Muhammad
(one of at least twelve). To Sunni historians she is "Umm ul-Muminin",
the "Mother of the Faithful". In 656, the Caliph Uthman was
murdered. As Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law and
cousin, did not do captured and did justice to the ones involved in
Uthman's death. An outraged Aysha led
a rebellion, attempting to replace Ali with her brother-in-law Zubayr, who was also a nephew of Muhammad's first wife Khadija. The
brief civil war culminated in a battle outside Basra
in which Aysha led her forces from camelback (hence the name "Battle
of the Camel"). She was captured but pardoned and retired to Medina.
She died in c. 678 CE.
Zubayr ibn al-Awam........................................656
and...
Talhah ibn Ubaidallah.....................................656
and...
Yala (deposed
governor of Yemen)..........................656
Abu Muhammad al-Hassan ibn Ali al-Hashimi................660 - 661
Caliphate Governors of Iraq
from 638 to 661
Said ibn Abi Waqkas
(1st time)......................638 - 643
Umar ibn Yasir............................................644
Abu Musa al-Ashari
(1st
time).............................644
Mughaire ibn Shuba
(1st time).......................644 - 646
Said ibn Abi Waqkas
(2nd time)......................646 - 647
Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abu Muyat........................647 - 651
Said ibn al-As ibn Said al-Amawi....................651 - 655
Abu Musa al-Ashari
(2nd time).......................655 - 658
Abu masud Uqba ibn Amir.............................658 - 661
Abdallah ibn Amr..........................................661
Ummayad -
A
dynasty was formed with it's capital as Damascus (Syria) and their
rulers were Caliphs.
Caliphate
Governors Under Ummayad
Mughaire ibn Shuba
(2nd time).......................661 - 670
Zaid ibn Abu Suffin.................................670 - 673
Ubaydallah ibn Ziad
(1st
time)......................673 - 679
Numan ibn Bashir al-Ansari..........................679 - 680
Ubaydallah ibn Ziad
(2nd time)......................680 - 683
Amir ibn Masud......................................683 - 684
Abdallah ibn Yazid al-Khatmi..............................684
Abdallah ibn Miti.........................................684
al-Haris ibn Abu Rabia..............................685 - 690
Basir ibn Marwan....................................690 - 692
Abdallah ibn Khalid.................................693 - 694
al-Hadjadj ibn Yusuf al-Kulayb......................694 - 714
Al-Ḥajjāj was sent to
govern Iraq. He continued to be viewed as cruel and his reputation was not
helped when he fought and eventually crushed a Kharijite rebellion under
Abdur-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath from 699-701. For his
considerable successes, al-Ḥajjāj was also made governor of some provinces
in Persia, where he was again tasked with putting down rebellions. However,
his severe tactics led him to make many enemies, who would come to power
after his death. With the ascent of al-Walid, Hajjāj's reputation grew due
to the selection and deployment of numerous successful generals who expanded
the empire. He was given these powers due to his high status in the Umayyad
government and he exhibited a lot of control over the provinces that he
governed. Among these generals was the teenaged Muhammad ibn-Qasīm, who in
712 was sent to Sindh in Pakistan. Qutayba ibn Muslim was sent to conquer
Turkestan, which he did. Al-Ḥajjāj's most successful general was Mūsā ibn
Nusayr, who consolidated control over North Africa and sent Tariq ibn Ziyād
to invade Spain. The year after al-Ḥajjāj died, al-Walid died as well, and
his brother Sulayman ibn Abdi l-Malik came to power. Sulayman was indebted
to many opponents of al-Ḥajjāj for their political support in getting him
elected Caliph, so he recalled all of al-Ḥajjāj's generals and had them
tortured to death in prison.
Sulayman ibn Yazi...................................714 - 715
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab...............................715 - 721
Maslama ibn Abdulmalik..............................721 - 722
Umar ibn Hubayra....................................722 - 724
Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri........................724 - 738
Yusuf ibn Umar......................................738 - 744
Mansur ibn
Djumhur........................................744
Abdallah ibn Umar...................................744 - 747
Yazid ibn
Omar......................................747 - 750
Khalid ibn Abdallah
al-Qasri..............................750
Daud ibn Ali..............................................750
Isa ibn
Musa........................................750 - 764
In 762 Baghdad was founded as the
capital of the Abbasid Caliphs.
Drachma. Year: AH 694-714 (638-764 CE).
Weight:
3.60g. Metal: Silver.
Ruler: al-Hadjadj ibn Yusuf
(Caliphate Governors of Basra, Iraq).
The
capital of the Caliphs was transferred to the newly built city of Baghdad,
in central Mesopotamia. Abbasids with a violent, overthrow the Ummayads. A member of the
Ummayad dynasty escaped and after wandering North Africa for
several years, re-established his House at Cordoba, in Spain. Abbasid has
control of Mesopotamia till 945. Abbasid resumed in power in Mesopotamia
again from 1156 to 1258. Below is the complete list of these Caliphs.
Complete name: Abu al-Abbas Abdullah al-Saffah ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn
Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim.
Abu Jafar Abdallah al-Mansur ibn
Muhammad................754 - 775
Ibrahim ibn
Abdullah (revolt
at Basra in AH 145).........762
- 763
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mahdi ibn al-Mansur.............775 - 785
Abu Muhammad Musa al-Hadi ibn al-Mahdi...................785 - 786
Abu Jafar Harun al-Rashid ibn al-Mahdi...................786 - 809
Abu Musa Muhammad al-Amin ibn Harun
al-Rashid............809 - 813
al-Natiq Musa
(recognized
at Dimashq in AH 194)..........810
- 811
Abu Jafar Abdallah al-Mamun ibn Harun
al-Rashid (1st)....813 - 817 d.
833
Abu'l Saraya
al-Shaybani (revolt
at Kufa)............Jan
815 - Sep 815
Ibrahim al-Mubarrak......................................817 - 819
Abu Jafar Abdallah al-Mamun ibn Harun
al-Rashid (2nd)....819 - 833
Abu Ishaq Muhammad al-Mutasim Billah
ibn Harun al-Rashid.833 - 842
opposed by...
al-Abbas ibn al-Mamun...............................833 - 838 and
also...
Muhammad ibn al-Saqqim al-Alawi.....................833 - 834
Abu Jafar Harun al-Wathiq Billah ibn
al-Mutasim..........842 - 847
Abul-Fadl Jafar al-Mutawakkil Ala Allah
ibn al-Mutasim...847 - 861
Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Muntasir Billah
ibn al-Mutawakkil..861 - 862
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustain Billah ibn
Muhammad..........862 - 866
He was the grandson of al-Mutasim Billah
ibn Harun al-Rashid.
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mutazz Billah
ibn al-Mutawakkil.866 - 869
Abu Ishaq Muhammad al-Muhtadi Billah
ibn al-Wathiq.......869 - 870
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Mutamid Alallah
ibn al-Mutawakkil....870 - 892 with...
al-Muwaffaq ibn al-Mutawakkil (considered heir to throne)875
- 892
He issued silver Dirhams during his reign.
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Mutadid Billah ibn
al-Muwaffaq.......892 - 902
He was the grandson of al-Mutawakkil ibn
al-Mutasim.
Abu Muhammad Ali al-Muktafi Billah ibn
al-Mutadid........902 - 908
Abul-Fadl Jafar al-Muqtadir Billah ibn
al-Mutadid........908 - 932
opposed by...
Abul-Abbas Abdallah al-Murtada ibn al-Mutazz..............1 day in
908 and
Abu Mansur Muhammad al-Qahir Billah.......................2
days in 929
Muhammad al-Qahir ibn al-Mutadid.........................932 - 934
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Radi Billah ibn al-Muqtadir.........934 - 940
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Muttaqi Billah
ibn al-Muqtadir......940 - 944
Abu'l Qasim Abdallah al-Mustakfi Billah
ibn al-Muktafi...944 - 946 with...
Abu'l Hasan
Muhammad...........................................946 (AH
334 only)
Abbasids almost lost control to the
growing Persian faction known as the Buwayhids in 945. Despite this,
the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad.
Abul Qasim al-Fadl al-Muti Lillah ibn al-Muqtadir........946 - 974
Abul Fadl Abd al-Karim al-Tai Lillah
ibn al-Muti.........974 - 991
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Qadir Billah ibn
al-Muttaqi..........991 - 1031
Abu Jafar Abdallah al-Qaim Bi Amr Allah
ibn al-Qadir....1031 - 1075
opposed by...
Revolt of al-Bassassiri (in Baghdad)...............1058 - 1060
Abul Qasim Abdallah Uddat al-Din al-Muqtadi BiAmr
Allah 1075 - 1094
He was the son of Muhammad Dhakirat and
grandson of al-Qaim.
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustazhir Billah
ibn al-Muqtadi.....1094 - 1118
al-Muqtadi in AH 486 (1093 CE) and al-Mustazhir
in AH 491 (1098 CE) issued gold Dinars to represent their
unsuccessful attempts to reassert themselves as politically
independent rulers.
Abu Mansur alFadl al-Mustarshid Billah
ibn al-Mustazhir.1118 - 1135
Abu Jafar al-Mansur al-Rashid Billah
ibn al-Mustarshid..1135 - 1136
Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Muqtafi Li Amr
Allah...........1136 - 1160
Caliph Al-Muqtafi ibn al-Mustazhir, became
the first Abbasid
Caliph to regain the independence of the Caliphate, after nearly 250
years of foreign rule, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs, thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids in 1157. The Siege of
Baghdad was the last Seljuq attempt to capture Baghdad from the
Abbasids. Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital
against the allied armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and
Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Abul Muzaffar Yusuf al-Mustanjid Billah
ibn al-Muqtafi..1160 - 1170
Abu Mohammed al-Hassan al-Mustadhi Bi Amr Allah.........1170 - 1180
He was the son of al-Muqtafi
Abul-Abbas Ahmad al-Nasr Li Din Allah
ibn al-Mustadhi...1180 - 1225
Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Zahir Bi Amr Allah
ibn Nasr........1225 - 1226
Abu Djafar al-Mansur al-Mustansir Billah
ibn al-Zahir...1226 - 1242
Abu Ahmad Abdallah al-Mustasim Billah
ibn al-Mustansir..1242 - 1258
Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan bin Tolui bin
Genghiz Khan [Temujin] bin Yesugei Khan attacked Baghdad.
On 10th February 1258, Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on
13th February and began a week of massacre, looting, rape and
destruction. The Grand Library of Baghdad, containing countless precious
historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to
astronomy were destroyed. Survivors said that the waters of the Tigris
ran black with ink from the enormous quantities of books flung into the
river.
The Mongols looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and
hospitals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were
burned to the ground. The year following the fall of Baghdad, Hulagu
named the Persian Ata al-Mulk Juvayni governor of Baghdad, Lower
Mesopotamia and Khuzistan.
The Abbasid rulers was started again in
1261 by al-Mustansir II ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Abu Bakr ibn al-Mustarshid, still maintained a feeble show of authority, confined to
religious matters, in Egypt under the Mamluks, but the dynasty finally
disappeared with Al-Mutawakkil III ibn al-Mustamsik, who was carried away as a prisoner
of the palace to Constantinople by Selim I in 1517, where he only had a
ceremonial role, until his death in 1543.
:
SA#213. Dirham.
Year: AH 157 (774 CE).
Weight: 2.80g. Metal:
Silver. Diameter:
25mm. Edge:
Plain. Mint:
anonymous [probably: Madinatul Islam (Baghdad)]. After Kalima "Bakh Bakh" - small dot on top.
Ruler: Abdullah Al-Mansur ibn.al-Saffah.
Minted Years:
AH 136-158.
This coin is cut
from one side either to check the authenticity of gold or to steal
some gold contents.
SA#219.2. Dirham.
Year: AH 190 (806
CE).
Weight: 2.80g.
Metal:
Silver. Diameter:
25mm.
Mint:
anonymous (probably Madinat al-Salam or Al-Muhammadiya).
Ruler: Abu Jafar Harun al-Rashid ibn al-Mahdi.
Harun al-Rashid was the caliph about
whom the Thousand and One Nights was composed, memorialized in
Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherzade. Most of his Dirhams lack his name.
Musabid (or Tahirid)
military governors of Baghdad
Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the
process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and
Greater Khorasan, the Shia Hamdanids in Northern Syria, and the
successive Tahirid, Alid and Saffarid dynasties of Iran.
Tahir I ibn al-Husayn ibn Musab (Khorasan
821-822)..820 - 822
Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn
Musab.........................822 - 849
Muhammad I ibn
Ishaq................................849 - 850
Abdallah ibn
Ishaq..................................850 - 851
Muhammad II ibn Abdallah ibn
Tahir I................851 - 867
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn
Tahir I (1st time)......867 - 869 d. 891
Suleiman ibn Abdallah...............................869 - 879
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (2nd time)..................879 - 884 d. 891
Muhammad III ibn Tahir II ibn Abdallah ibn
Tahir I..884 - 890
Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah (3rd time)..................890 - 891
Munis
al-Khadim...........................................fl. c. 910
Musabid
Muhammad IV ibn Ubaydallah (Deputy
for Munis)........fl. c. 910
Buyid or Buwayhid
By the early 10th century, the Abbasids
almost lost control to the growing Persian faction known as the
Buwayhids that replaced the Samanids. Buwayhids were quietly able to
assume real power in the bureaucracy at Baghdad. The Buwayhids, who
were Shi'ites, seized power over Baghdad in 945 CE by Ahmad Muizz
al-Dawla, They ruled central Iraq for
more than a century. Despite the power of the Buwayhid amirs, the
Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described
by the Buwayhid bureaucrat Hilal al-Sabi', and they retained a
certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. The caliph
al-Qadir, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia
with writings such as the Baghdad Manifesto. All the autonomous
provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with
hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only
nominal caliph suzerainty, which may not necessarily be reflected by
any contribution to the treasury. The member of this dynasty ruled
various parts of Iran simultaneously citing their seniors and fathers
as overload on their coinage. The below rulers of this dynasty are
purely listed, ruling Iraqi areas.
Ahmad Abu'l Hussein Muizz al-Dawla ibn
Buwayh............939 - 967
He was ruling Khuzistan and later also
became ruler of Baghdad by occupying it in 945 CE.
Sanad al-Dawla
(rebel at
Barsa)..........................939
- 940
Bakhtiar Abu Mansur Izz al-Dawla.........................967 - 978
Fana Khusrau Abu Shuja Adud al-Dawla.....................978 - 983
Marzuban Abu Kalinjar Samsam al-Dawla
ibn Adud al-Dawla..983 - 987
Marzuban Abu Kalinjar Samsam al-Dawla was
governor of Khuzistan under his father, Adud al-Dawla from 978 to 983
CE and struck his own coins. All his coins cite his father as
overload. Some of his coins dated AH 367 (978 CE) also cite Rukn al-Dawla
as supreme ruler of the Buwayhid domains. Later he became as
independent ruler of Iraq from AH 372-376 (983-987 CE). Later he became ruler of Fars and
Kirman from AH 380-388 (990-998 CE), as nominal vassal of Fakhr al-Dawla
from AH 380-387.
Abu'l Husayn Taj al-Dawla ibn Adud al-Dawla..............983 - 986
Ruled Khuzistan and Basra.
Shirdhil Abu'l Fawaris Sharaf al-Dawla
ibn Adud al-Dawla.987 - 989
Governor of Kirman province under his
father's rule from AH 361-372 (972-983 CE). Cited Rukn al-Dawla as
overload on his AH 366/367 coinage. He ruled southern Iraq and Iran
from AH 373-378 (983-988 CE) and later ruled Fars, Khuzistan and
Iraq from AH 375-379 (985-989 CE).
Abu Tahir Diya
al-Dawla ibn Adud al-Dawla (Barsa)........986
- 989
Firuz Abu Nasr Baha al-Dawla ibn Adud
al-Dawla...........989 - 1012
Ruled Iraq and Khuzistan. Also became
ruler of Fars after AH 388 (998 CE).
Abu Shuja Sultan al-Dawla ibn Baha al-Dawla.............1012 - 1021
Ruled Iraq, Khuzistan and Fars from AH
403-412 (1012-1021 CE).
Abu Tahir
Jalal al-Dawla ibn Baha al-Dawla (Barsa)......1012
- 1025
Hasan Abu Ali Musharrif al-Dawla........................1021 - 1025
Shirzil Abu Tahir Djalal al-Dawla.......................1025 - 1044
opposed by...
Abu Khujar al-Marzuban..................................1036 - 1044
Marzuban Abu Kalijar Imad al-Din ibn
Sultan al-Dawla....1044 - 1048
Ruled Fars from AH 415-440 (1024-1048 CE)
and Iraq after AH 435 (1044 CE).
Khusrau Firuz Abu Nasr alMalik alRahim
ibn Imad al-Din..1048 - 1055
Ruled Fars and Iraq from AH 440-447
(1048-1055 CE).
Rukn ad-Din Abu Talib Toghril Beg captured Baghdad from the Buyids under a commission from the Abbasid Caliph al-Qaim. Although
the Seljuqs respected the Caliphs, they did not let them rule. In
fact the Seljuqs themselves took
over de facto lordship of the Empire, and the Caliph bestowed on Toghril
Beg the title of Sultan of the East and the West. The Seljuqs publicly
pledged allegiance to the Caliph, but left him in control of little
actual territory beyond Baghdad.
Abbasid resumed power from 1156 to 1258.
See their ruler details above. Later Baghdad was sacked by Mongol
ruler: Hulegu
Khan bin Tolui bin Genghiz Khan [Temujin] bin Yesugei Khan and
Abbasid lost their control in Mesopotamia.
10 Jan 1919
British Rule
11 Nov 1920
State of Iraq (British protectorate)
23 Aug 1921
Iraqi Kingdom
03 Oct 1932
full independence
14 Feb 1958
Federation with Jordan (Arab Union) till 14 July 1958.
14 Jul 1958
Iraqi Republic
02 Aug 1990 Iraq
attacks Kuwait and occupies it.
28 Feb 1991
Kuwait is liberated from Iraq by USA led forces.
20 Mar 2003
U.S. and U.K. invasion. Baghdad is taken on 09 Apr 2003.
28 Jun 2004
Sovereignty returned.
Great Britain...........................................1917 -
03 Oct 1932
Administrator
Sir Arnold Talbot
Wilson....................10 Jan 1919 - 01 Oct 1920
Chairman of Council of State
Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari al-Gaylani...11
Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921
High Commissioners
Sir Percy Zachariah
Cox.....................01 Oct 1920 - 04 May 1923
Sir Henry Robert Conway
Dobbs...............04 May 1923 - Oct 1928
Acting till 15th Sep 1923.
Sir Gilbert Falkingham
Clayton.................Oct 1928 - 11 Sep 1929
Sir Francis Henry Humphrys..................03
Oct 1929 - 03 Oct 1932
Click on the links provided on below
Rulers to view coinage used in their era.
Hashemite
Faisal
I.........................................23 Aug 1921 - 08 Sep 1933
He was the 3rd son of King of Hejaz;
Al-Husayn ibn Ali bin Muhammad al-Hashimi [Hussein Pasha ibn Ali].
Faisal became short time King of Greater Syria from 11 Mar 1920 to
25 July 1920. Full independence to Iraq was granted by Great Britain
on 03 Oct 1932.
Ghazi I ibn Faisal I.............................08
Sep 1933 - 04 Apr 1939
He became King at the age of 21. Died
young at the age of 27 in a mysterious car racing accident.
Faisal II ibn Ghazi I............................04
Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958
Faisal was a youth of four when he succeeded
to the throne, spent much of the 1940's in Great Britain, having
been smuggled out of Iraq during the Rashid Ali rebellion in April
1941. After he attained his majority in 1953, he was in contention
with his cousin King Hussein of Jordan for leadership of the
Hashemite Clan; both were of the 41st generation. The issue was
decided in Faisal's favour in February of 1958, and he became leader
of an Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan on 14th Feb 1958, but he died under somewhat
unclear circumstances only five months later, shot in a firefight
between an army unit trying to arrest him and palace guards
returning fire during the Republican revolution.
Regents
Abdullah
ibn Ali ibn Hussein (1st
time)....04
Apr
1939 - 01 Apr 1941
Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz.................01 Apr
1941 - 01 Jun 1941
Abdullah
ibn Ali ibn Hussein (2nd
time)....01
Jun 1941 - 02 May 1953
On July 14, 1958,
Prince Zeid bin Hussein was appointed Head of the Royal House of
Iraq, following the assassination of King Faisal II by General
Muhammad Najib al-Rubai, who proclaimed Iraq to be a Republic. Zeid
and his family continued to live in London, where the family resided
during the coup, as Zeid was the Iraqi ambassador there. Zeid was
also Iraqi ambassador in Berlin and in Ankara in 1930s and in London
in the 1950s. Prince Zeid died in Paris on October 18, 1970, and is
buried in the Royal Mausoleum at Raghdan Palace, Amman, Jordan. His
son Prince Ra'ad succeeded him as head of the Royal House of Iraq.
The Kingdom of Jordan has confirmed his style as His Royal Highness
and Prince.
He also served twice as Prime Minister of Iraq
from 16 Jul 1979 to 23 Mar 1991 and again from 29 May 1994 to 09 Apr
2003. Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, 30 December
2006, despite his wish to be shot.
Supreme Commanders of
Occupation forces (commanders-in-Chief, US Central Command)
Tommy Ray
Franks...............................09 Apr 2003 - 07 Jul 2003
John Abizaid...................................07
Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004
Civil Administrators
Jay
Garner................................21 Apr 2003 - 12 May 2003
director, Office of Reconstruction and
Humanitarian Assistance.
Paul
Bremer...............................12 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004
head of the Coalition Provisional
Authority.
Second Republic
Presidents (Provisional
government from 2004 to 2006)
