Capital and largest city: Luxembourg.

Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn" (Luxembourgish) [translation: "We want to remain what we are"].

Luxembourg was occupied by Germany and liberated by American troops in both World Wars, and is the resting place of 5,000 American soldiers, including General George S. Patton.

• A compact district located in the angle between Belgium, France, and Germany. A County, then Duchy, during the Middle Ages, and source of one of the most powerful dynasties in western Europe in the 14th century.
• ARDENNES
• Counts
• Odacar............................................870s - 897
• Wigerich...........................................897 - C. 918
• Gozelo..........................................c. 918 - 19 Oct 942
• Giselbert I.................................19 Oct 942 - 963
• LUXEMBOURG
• Sigfried S/o possibly Wigeric of Lotharingia.......963 - 28 Oct 998
• He is considered the first count of Luxembourg. He was actually count in the Moselgau and the Ardennes. He was also the advocate of the abbeys of Saint-Maximin de Trêves and Saint-Willibrord d'Echternach. He is speculated to be the son of Count Palatine Wigeric of Lotharingia and Cunigunda. He is the founder of the House of Luxembourg, a cadet branch of the House of Ardennes. He had possessions from his father in Upper Lorraine. At the centre of his dominions he constructed the fortress of Luxembourg in 963. A town soon grew up around the castle.
• Henry I [Heinrich I] (at Ardennengau).......28 Oct 998 - 27 Feb 1026 with...
• He was the son of Sigfried. Heinrich became from 993, Heinrich V of Bavaria.
• Giselbert II S/o Sigfried (at Moselgau).....28 Oct 998 - 18 May 1004
• Friedrich S/o Sigfried (at Moselgau).......18 May 1004 - 06 Oct 1047 with ...
• Henry II S/o Friedrich.....................27 Feb 1026 - 14 Oct 1047
• In 1042, he was given Bavaria by the Emperor Henry III, who had hitherto held it, but who needed a resident duke to deal with the raids of Samuel Aba, king of Hungary. Therefore he became Heinrich VI of Bavaria. He never married. His brother Giselbert succeeded him in Luxembourg, while Bavaria escheated to the emperor, who gave it to Cuno.
• Giselbert III S/o Friedrich................14 Oct 1047 - 14 Aug 1059
• He was count of Salm and of Longwy, then count of Luxembourg from 1047 to 1059.
• Conrad I [Konrad I] S/o Giselbert III......14 Aug 1059 - 06 Jul 1083 d. 1086
• Counts of Luxembourg
• Conrad I [Konrad I] (continued)............06 Jul 1083 - 08 Aug 1086
• Henry III [Heinrich III] S/o Conrad I......08 Aug 1086 - 1096
• He was the son of Conrad and Clementia of Aquitaine. He never married and was succeeded by his brother William.
• William I [Wilhelm I] S/o Conrad I................1096 - 23 Jan 1130
• Like his predecessors, he was embroiled in debates with the archbishop of Trier Bruno in 1122 and 1127, leading to William's excommunication.
• Conrad II [Konrad II] S/o William I........23 Jan 1130 - 1136
• He married Ermengarde, daughter of count Otto II of Zutphen. Conrad II died without a male heir, and so the county of Luxembourg reverted to the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II. The emperor in turn did not wish the county to be rule by Conrad's closest relative Henri de Grandpré, who was a French lord and so might align the county with the Kingdom of France, and so granted it to Henry of Namur, a cousin of Conrad's.
• LUXEMBOURG-NAMUR
• Henry IV the Blind [Heinrich IV] S/o Godfrey I....1136 - 14 Aug 1196
• He was the son of Godfrey I, Count of Namur and Ermesinde, a daughter of Conrad I of Luxembourg. He was Count of Namur from 1139 until his abdication in 1189.
• HOHENSTAUFEN
• Otto (in dispute with Ermesinde)..................1196 - 1197 d. 1200 with...
• He was Count of Burgundy from 1190 to his death and briefly Count of Luxembourg from 1196 to 1197. He was the fourth son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa by his second wife Countess Beatrice I of Burgundy, heiress of Count Renaud III. Upon the death of his mother in 1184, his father granted him the Burgundian county, elevating him to the rank of a Count palatine (Freigraf). Haughty Otto however soon entered into several feuds: not only with the Anscarid lords of Auxonne and Mâcon, who claimed late Beatrice's heritage, but also with the Counts of Montbéliard, the French Duke Odo III of Burgundy and Duke Berthold V of Zähringen. In the course of negotiations in 1195, he killed Count Amadeus of Montbèliard with his own hands, followed by the assassination of Alsatian Count Ulric of Ferrette in 1197 and the execution of a brother of Konrad von Hüneburg, Bishop of Strasbourg, in 1198. When Count Henry IV of Luxembourg died without heirs in 1196, his county escheated to the Emperor and Henry VI enfeoffed his brother Otto. Count Theobald I of Bar, who had married Ermesinde, daughter of late Count Henry IV, negotiated the renunciation of Luxembourg with Otto the next year. Meanwhile Count palatine Otto's regional conflicts had become a severe threat to the power politics of his Hohenstaufen relatives. After Philip of Swabia had been elected King of the Romans in 1198, rivaling with the Welf duke Otto of Brunswick, he tried to settle the numerous quarrels picked by his brother. In 1200 Otto was assassinated at Besançon, his death came in useful to many political actors. Otto was buried at St Stephen's Cathedral, today the site of the Citadel of Besançon.
• LUXEMBOURG-NAMUR
• Ermesinde D/o Heinrich IV (female).........14 Aug 1196 - 12 Feb 1247
• She is Henry IV's only daughter and Otto's fourth cousin. She also known as Ermesinde of Namur, was the Countess of Luxembourg, Laroche and Durbuy between 1197 and 1247. She was the only child of Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg and Namur, and his second wife, Agnes of Guelders. Ermesinde was initially betrothed to Henry II of Champagne, but the engagement was cancelled in 1189. Instead her first husband was Theobald I of Bar (1158–1214). He successfully negotiated with Otto I, Count of Burgundy for the latter's renunciation of Luxembourg, thus making Theobald and Ermesinde the Count and Countess of Luxembourg. When Theobald died in 1214, Ermesinde married Waleran III of Limburg (1180–1226), who would rule as the Count of Luxembourg. In 1223 Ermesinde and Waleran pressed their claim to Namur against Margrave Philip II, but were ultimately unsuccessful. After Walram's death, Ermesinde ruled Luxembourg alone for two decades. She proved to be an effective administrator, granting charters of freedom to several towns and increasing the prosperity of her country.
  • Thibaut, comte de Bar (regent)........14 Aug 1196 - 13 Feb 1214
  • He was the husband of Ermesinde and was styled as Count of Luxembourg. He was the son of Reginald II of Bar and his wife Agnès de Champagne. Theobald I was married three times; to Ermesinde (Isabella) of Bar-sur-Seine, Adelheid of Loon and to Ermesinde (Ermesinda) of Namur. His lands in Luxembourg reverted to Waleran III of Limburg, who married Theobald's widow Ermesinde I of Luxemburg.
  • Walram Herzog von Limburg (regent).......May 1214 - 02 Jul 1226
  • He was the husband of Ermesinde, known as Valerien III [Waleran III], duc de Limbourg and was styled as Count of Luxembourg. He was the son of Henry III of Limburg and Sophia of Saarbrücken.
• LUXEMBOURG-LIMBURG-ARLON
• Henry V [Heinrich V] S/o Waleran III.......12 Feb 1247 - 24 Dec 1281
• Henry V the Blond was also called "the Great", the count of Luxembourg, Laroche and Arlon from 1247 to his death and the count of Namur between 1256 and 1264 as Henry III and as Hendrik IV of Limburg. He was the son and successor of Waleran III of Limburg and Ermesinda of Luxembourg. In 1240 Henry married Margaret of Bar, daughter of Henry II of Bar and Philippa of Dreux who was the great-granddaughter of King Louis VI of France. Henry's marriage to Margaret brought him Ligny-en-Barrois as her dowry, though, by a clause in the marriage contract, it remained under the feudal suzerainty of the county of Bar. In contempt of this, Henry paid homage in 1256 to Theobald II of Navarre, in his capacity as Count of Champagne. Henry's brother-in-law, Theobald II of Bar, took advantage of the conflict then raging between Frederick III of Lorraine and the bishops of Metz. Henry V was a partisan of the duke and so Theobald took the side of the bishop. Henry was captured in battle at Prény on 14 September 1266. On 08 September 1268, King Louis IX arbitrated between the two counts and Henry was freed and repossessed of Ligny, but under the suzerainty of the Barrois. In 1256, Henry seized Namur while the reigning margrave, Baldwin II, was also reigning emperor in Constantinople. Baldwin relinquished his rights of Namur to Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders, who retook the margraviate from Henry. The two parties made peace and Guy married Henry's daughter.
• Henry VI [Heinrich VI] S/o Henry V.........24 Dec 1281 - 05 Jun 1288
• Henry VI the Condemned was the son of Henry V the Blond and Margaret of Bar. His father took part in Saint Louis's crusade against Tunis and he continued this war, being killed alongside three of his brothers at the Battle of Worringen by a knight of John I, Duke of Brabant.
• Henry VII [Heinrich VII] S/o Henry VI......05 Jun 1288 - Jun 1310 d. 1313
• He was King of the Romans (Germany) 27 November 1308 – 24 August 1313, King of Italy 06 January 1311 – 24 August 1313 and The Holy Roman Emperor 29 June 1312 – 24 August 1313. During his brief career he reinvigorated the imperial cause in Italy, wracked with the partisan struggles between the divided Guelf and Ghibelline factions, and inspired the praise of Dino Compagni and Dante Alighieri; however, his premature death undid his life's work. Consequently, Henry skilfully negotiated his way to the crown, elected with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308. Henry was subsequently crowned at Aachen on 06 January 1309. In July 1309, Pope Clement V, established at Avignon, confirmed Henry's election and initially agreed to personally crown him Emperor at Candlemas, 1312, the title having been vacant since the death of Frederick II. Henry in exchange, swore an oath or protection to the Pope, agreed to defend the rights and not to attack the privileges of the cities of the papal states, and he also agreed to go on crusade once he had been crowned emperor. Yet the newly crowned king had local issues to deal with before he could seek the imperial crown.
• John I the Blind S/o Henry VII....................1310 - 26 Aug 1346
• He was the Count of Luxembourg from 1309 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He was the eldest son of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII and his wife Margaret of Brabant. Like his predecessor Henry, he was disliked by much of the Czech nobility. John was considered to be an "alien king" and gave up the administration of Bohemia after a while and embarked on a life of travel. He parted ways with his wife and left the Czech country to be ruled by the barons while spending time in Luxembourg and the French court. His travels took him to Silesia, Poland, Lithuania, Tyrol, Northern Italy and Papal Avignon. A rival of King Władysław I the Elbow-high to the Polish crown, John supported the Teutonic Knights in the Polish–Teutonic War from 1326 to 1332. He also made several Silesian dukes swear an oath of allegiance to him. In 1335 in Congress of Visegrád, Władysław's successor King Casimir III the Great of Poland paid a significant amount of money in exchange for John's giving up his claim to the Polish throne. John lost his eyesight at age 39 or 40 from ophthalmia in 1336, while crusading in Lithuania. A treatment by the famous physician Guy de Chauliac had no positive effects. At the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War in 1337 he allied with King Philip VI of France and even was governor of Languedoc from 30 November 1338 to November 1340. At the Battle of Crécy in 1346 John controlled Phillip's advanced guard along with controling the large contingents of Charles II of Alençon and the Louis I, Count of Flanders. John was killed at age 50 while fighting against the English during the battle of Crécy, after having been blind for a decade. Before he died in battle, he was reported to have said: "Let it never be the case that a Bohemian king runs [from a fight]!"
• Charles I S/o John I the Blind.............26 Aug 1346 - 19 Dec 1353 d. 1378
• Charles I the Popish King was King of the Romans (Germany) 11 July 1346 – 29 November 1378, King of Bohemia 26 August 1346 – 29 November 1378, Holy Roman Emperor (Charles IV), King of Italy 06 January/05 April 1355 – 29 November 1378 and King of Burgundy 04 June 1365 – 29 November 1378. On 11 July 1346, prince-electors elected him King of the Romans (rex Romanorum) in opposition to Emperor Louis IV. Charles was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn. After his opponent died, he was re-elected in 1349 (17 June) and crowned (25 July) King of the Romans. In 1355 he was crowned King of Italy on 6 January and Holy Roman Emperor on 5 April. With his coronation as King of Burgundy, delayed until 4 June 1365, he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire. On 11 July 1346, in consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI, relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV, Charles was chosen as Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the prince-electors at Rhens. In 1354 he crossed the Alps without an army, received the Lombard crown in St. Ambrose Basilica, Milan, on 05 January 1355, and was crowned emperor at Rome by a cardinal in the April of the same year. He left the position of Count of Luxembourg to his brother on 15 Nov or 19 Dec 1353.
• Wenceslaus I S/o John I the Blind..........19 Dec 1353 - 13 Mar 1354
• Wenceslaus I (also Wenczlaw, Wenceslas, Venceslas, Wenzel, or Václav, often called Wenceslaus of Bohemia in chronicles) (born in Prague, 25 February 1337 – died in Luxembourg, 07 December 1383) was the first Duke of Luxembourg from 1355. He was the son of John the Blind, King of Bohemia, and Beatrice of Bourbon (2nd wife). In 1353 Charles IV King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg and elected Holy Roman King, entrusted the county, their father's inheritance, to his half-brother Wenceslaus. In 1355 when Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor he raised Luxembourg to the status of a duchy. In 1352, Wenceslaus married Joanna (1322 – 1406), daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant and Limburg, and Marie d'Évreux. In 1355, Joanna inherited Brabant and Limburg. In order to guarantee the indivisibility of Brabant, Wenceslaus signed the Joyous Entry, but had to fight against his brother-in-law Louis II of Flanders, who asserted his share of the duchy. He failed to prevent the seizure of Brussels by the Flemings, but a certain Everard 't Serclaes succeeded by an audacious coup in driving them out of the city. Thereafter, Wenceslaus had to face primarily internal disorders. In 1371, he overestimated his military capacities and waged war with William II, Duke of Jülich, resulting in the humiliating defeat of Baesweiler, losing a part of his army, and several noblemen. He was captured and suffered 11 months of captivity. He died in Luxembourg and was succeeded by Antoine de Valois as duke of Brabant and by Wenceslaus II as duke of Luxembourg. There are speculations that he might have died of leprosy (Joanna stayed in Brussels). His last wish was his heart to be displaced from his dead body and sent to his wife. He is buried in a crypt at the ruins of Abbaye d'Orval in Belgium. Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg wrote troubadour poetry which was found by Auguste Longnon in Jean Froissart's Méliador in 1890s (Wenceslas was a maecenas of this chronicler). It comprises 79 poems (11 ballades, 16 virelais, 52 rondeaux).
• Dukes
• Wenceslaus I S/o John I the Blind..........19 Dec 1353 - 08 Dec 1383
• Wenceslaus II S/o Charles I................08 Dec 1383 - 26 Feb 1388
• He was the son of Charles I and Anna von Schweidnitz (third wife). Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas; Czech: Václav; German: Wenzel, nicknamed der Faule ("the Idle"); 26 February 1361 – 16 August 1419) was, by inheritance, King of Bohemia (as Wenceslaus IV) from 1363 and by election, German King (formally King of the Romans), 10 June 1376 – 20 August 1400. Wenceslaus was deposed in 1400 as German King, but continued to rule as King of Bohemia, 29 November 1378 – 16 August 1419. He was Elector and Margrave of Brandenburg 02 October 1373 – 29 November 1378. Wenceslaus was born in the Imperial city of Nuremberg, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV by his third wife Anna von Schweidnitz, a scion of the Silesian Piasts, and baptized at St. Sebaldus Church. He was raised by the Prague Archbishops Arnošt of Pardubice and Jan Očko z Vlašimi. His father had the two-year-old crowned King of Bohemia in 1363 and in 1373 also obtained for him the Electoral Margraviate of Brandenburg. When in 1376 Charles IV asserted Wenceslaus' election as King of the Romans by the prince-electors, two of seven votes, those of Brandenburg and Bohemia, were held by the emperor and his son themselves.
• Dukes - Duchy of Luxembourg
• Jobst S/o John Henry (1st time)............26 Feb 1388 - 15 Sep 1402
• Jobst (or Jost or Jodokus) of Moravia, Jobst von Mähren (Czech: Jošt Lucemburský or Jošt Moravský; French: Josse de Luxembourg; 1351 – 18 January 1411) from the House of Luxembourg was the eldest son of Margrave John Henry of Moravia, the younger brother of Emperor Charles IV. Jobst was Margrave of Moravia (12 November 1375–18 January 1411), Elector of Brandenburg (1388–18 January 1411), Duke of Luxembourg (1388–18 January 1411) and King of Germany [formally King of the Romans] 01 October 1410–18 January 1411. Jobst married twice, but had no children.
• Louis, duc d'Orléans (Governor)............15 Sep 1402 - 23 Nov 1407
• Jobst S/o John Henry (2nd time)............23 Nov 1407 - 18 Jan 1411
• Elizabeth of Görlitz D/o John (female).....18 Jan 1411 - 22 Nov 1443 d. 1451
• Elisabeth was the only daughter and heiress of John of Görlitz, the third son of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He was Duke of Lusatia and Görlitz, and also Elector of Brandenburg for a brief period. Her mother, Richardis Catherine of Sweden, was the daughter of King Albert of Sweden. The Duchy of Luxembourg was mortgaged to Elisabeth by her uncle the King Sigismund of Hungary, who later also became King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. He was unable to repay the loan, and subsequently left Elisabeth in control of the duchy. Her first marriage took place in Brussels on 16 July 1409, to Antoine, Duke of Brabant. He defended her against three uprisings of the Luxembourg nobility, until his death in 1415. They had two children. John of Bavaria was her second husband. He died in 1425, and they did not have any children. After his death, she became heavily indebted. On 04 Oct 1441, she made a treaty with Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, allowing him to immediately assume the administrative duties of Luxembourg and inherit the duchy upon her death. He agreed to this, but chose to launch a night attack on the territory two years later, taking immediate control. Elisabeth was subsequently expelled from Luxembourg by Philip's forces. She died on 02 August 1451 (aged 60) at Trier.
  • CAPET-Burgundy (Husbands of Elisabeth, styled Duke of Luxembourg)
  • Antoine, Duke of Brabant and Limburg..18 Jan 1411 - 25 Apr 1415
  • Anthony, Duke of Brabant, also known as Antoine de Brabant, Antoine de Bourgogne and Anthony of Burgundy (August 1384 – 25 October 1415, in the battle of Agincourt), was Duke of Brabant, Lothier and Limburg. Anthony was the son of Philip II, Duke of Burgundy and Margaret III of Flanders, and brother of John the Fearless. He married at Arras on 21 February 1402 Jeanne de St. Pol (d. 1406), daughter of Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and Saint-Pol. They had two children: John IV, Duke of Brabant (1403–1427) and Philip of St. Pol (1404–1430) - Duke of Brabant. Anthony married again at Brussels on 16 July 1409, Elisabeth of Görlitz, duchess of Luxembourg (November 1390 – 08 August 1451), daughter of John - Duke of Görlitz. They had two children from this marriage.
  • John III, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing...09 Jun 1419 - 06 Jan 1425
  • He was John III the Pitiless, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1374–1425), of the House of Wittelsbach, was first bishop of Liège 1389–1418 and then duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland and Hainaut 1418–1425. John was the youngest son of Duke Albert I and Margaret of Brieg. In 1418, John III married Elisabeth, Duchess of Luxembourg, who was then the widow of Antoine, Duke of Brabant. No children came from this marriage.
  • Governors
  • Jakob von Sierck......................01 May 1441 - 04 Oct 1441
  • Archbishop of Trier Jakob I, was not allowed to take office.

• Claimants
• As Elisabeth had no surviving children, she sold Luxembourg to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1441 but only to succeed upon her death. Philip captured the city of Luxembourg in 1443, but did not assume the ducal title because of conflicting claims by Anne of Austria, the closest Luxembourg relative.
• Wenczlaw II S/o Charles I..................26 Feb 1388 - 16 Aug 1419
• Sigismund S/o Charles I....................16 Aug 1419 - 09 Dec 1437
• He was the son of Charles I and Elizabeth of Pomerania (4th wife). Sigismund was known as Zsigmond of Hungary. King of the Romans (Germany) 1410-1437, King of Bohemia 1419-1437, Holy Roman Emperor 1433-1437 and King of Hungary & Croatia (with Mary) 1387–1437.
• Elisabeth I D/o Sigismund (female).........09 Dec 1437 - 19 Dec 1442 with...
• Elisabeth of Luxembourg (born: Visegrád, Hungary on 07 October 1409 – died: Győr, Hungary on 19 December 1442) was a queen consort of Hungary, Bohemia and Duchess consort of Austria. She was the interim regent of Hungary in 1439–1440, and a throne claimant and one of the participants in the Hungarian civil war 1440–1442. She was the only child of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia, by his second wife, Barbara of Celje. Her father was the last male descent of the House of Luxembourg on the Imperial Throne. On 28 September 1421, Pozsony, Hungary (now Bratislava, Slovakia, Pressburg in German) Elisabeth married Albert V, Duke of Austria, thus becoming Duchess of Austria. After her father died in 1437, Albert was elected King of Hungary, and then King of Bohemia and King of Germany. She was thus Queen consort of Hungary, Bohemia and Germany. Elisabeth was crowned on 01 January 1438 by the Bishop of Veszprém.
• Albrecht S/o Albrecht IV Duke of Austria...09 Dec 1437 - 27 Oct 1439
• He is known as Albrecht V of Austria, Albert II of Germany. He was married to Elisabeth of Luxembourg. Albert was born in Vienna as the son of Albert IV, Duke of Austria, and Johanna Sophia of Bavaria. King of Hungary & Croatia 18 December 1437 – 27 October 1439, King-elect of Germany 18 March 1438 – 27 October 1439, King of Bohemia 06 May 1438 – 27 October 1439 and Duke of Austria 14 September 1404 – 27 October 1439.
• Ladislaus "Postumus" S/o Albrecht..........22 Feb 1440 - 23 Nov 1457
• The only son of Albert II, King of the Romans, and Elizabeth of Luxembourg, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. He was called Ladislaus Postumus (Czech: Ladislav Pohrobek, Hungarian: Utószülött László, Slovenian and Croatian: Ladislav Posmrtni) because he was born at Komárom (then part of Hungary, now Komárno in Slovakia), four months after his father's death. He succeeded immediately as Duke of Austria and head of the House of Habsburg, and he also became nominal King of Bohemia (18 Oct 1453 - 23 Nov 1457). King of Hungry and Croatia 22 February 1440 – 23 November 1457. His second cousin Frederick V, ruler of Inner Austria, was chosen to succeed Albert II as King of the Romans (Germany). Ladislaus's another cousin Albert VI succeeded him in Austria; Hungary elected Matthias Corvinus, the brother of Ladislaus Hunyadi, as king; and Bohemia elected George of Poděbrady, the only Hussite ruler of that kingdom.
• Anna von Österreich D/o Albrecht (female)..23 Nov 1457 - 20 Mar 1459
• Anne of Bohemia and Austria (12 April 1432 – 13 November 1462) was a Duchess of Luxembourg in her own right, and as consort, Landgravine of Thuringia and of Saxony. She was the eldest daughter of Albert of Austria, the future Emperor-Elect and Elisabeth, queen of Bohemia, the sole descendant of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. Her posthumous brother Ladislaus, Duke of Austria (1440–57) succeeded, very underage, as king of Bohemia and later also as king of Hungary. Anne also had a younger sister, Elisabeth, who was to become later a queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania. On 02 June 1446 the young Anne was married to William "the Brave" of Saxony (1425–82), Landgrave of Thuringia, a younger son of Frederick I "the Warlike" of Saxony. In right of Anne, William became Duke of Luxembourg from 1457 when Anne's brother Ladislaus died childless. Though, their rights to the land were disputed by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, and in 1469, William concluded that the possession's keeping was untenable against Burgundian attacks, and retreated to his Thuringian lands – that however took place when Anne was already dead.
  • Wilhelm II von Thüringen (regent)....23 Nov 1457 - 20 Mar 1459
  • William of Luxembourg (30 April 1425 – 17 September 1482), called the Brave (in German Wilhelm der Tapfere), was Landgrave of Thuringia (from 1445) and Duke of Luxemburg (from 1457). He is actually the second William to rule Thuringia and the first in Luxembourg; he was the third Margrave of Meissen named William. He was a younger son of Frederick I the Warlike, elector of Saxony, and Catherine of Brunswick and Lunenburg. On 2 June 1446 he married Anne of Luxembourg, daughter of Albert II, King of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary and Elisabeth of Luxembourg. On behalf of his wife, he became Duke of Luxembourg from 1457 to 1469. They had two daughters, Margaret of Thuringia (1449–1501) and Catherine of Thuringia (1453 – 10 July 1534), who married Duke Henry II of Münsterberg. William minted a silver groschen known as the Judenkopf Groschen. Its obverse portrait shows a man with a pointed beard wearing a Jewish hat, which the populace took as depicting a typical Jew.
• Philippe "le Bon" (Governor)......................20 Mar 1459 - 25 Nov 1462
• Elisabeth II von Habsburg D/o Albrecht (female)...13 Nov 1462 - 1467 with...
• Elisabeth was the daughter of Albert II of Habsburg (1397–1439), known also as Albert of Hungary and King of Bohemia; and his wife Elisabeth of Luxembourg, daughter of King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Hungary. Upon the death of her father in 1439 she was brought up at the court of Frederick III in Vienna. There she became acquainted with many artists and poets. On 10 March 1454, she married King Casimir IV of Poland. Four of her sons became kings, which is why she is also called "mother of the Jagiellons" (or "mother of kings"). Elisabeth after marriage became Queen consort of Poland and Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania (1454–1492). She died on 30 August 1505.
• Casimir Jagiello..................................13 Nov 1462 - 1467
• He is known as Kazimierz IV Jagiellonczyk of Poland and was husband of Elisabeth II, styled Duke of Luxembourg. Casimir (born: 30 November 1427 – died: 07 June 1492) was the second son of King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and the younger brother of Władysław III of Varna. He became Grand Duke of Lithuania (29 June 1440 – 07 June 1492) and King of Poland (25 June 1447 – 07 June 1492).

• VALOIS-BURGUNDY - Duchy of Burgundy
• Duke
• Philippe (I) "le Bon" S/o John the Fearless.22 Nov 1443 - 15 Jun 1467
• He was Philippe III of Burgundy and severed as the Governor, nominally for Elisabeth von Görlitz until her death on 03 Aug 1451, then continuing after death of Ladislaus the Posthumous. He was Born in Dijon in 1396. His parents were John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria-Straubing.
• Charles II the bold S/o Philippe...........15 Jun 1467 - 05 Jan 1477
• He was Charles I of Burgundy. Charles the Bold was born in Dijon, the son of Philip the Good and Isabella of Portugal.
• Maria D/o Charles II the bold (female).....05 Jan 1477 - 27 Mar 1482 with...
• She was Marie "la Riche" of Burgundy. As the only child of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and his wife Isabella of Bourbon, she was the heiress to the vast, and vastly wealthy, Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 05 January 1477 and was accordingly often referred to as "Mary the Rich". She selected Holy Roman Emperor Archduke Maximilian of Austria for marriage, who became her co-ruler. The marriage took place at Ghent on 18 August 1477. The event initiated two centuries of contention between France and the Habsburgs (later of Spain, then of Austria) for their possession, which climaxed in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714. In the Netherlands, affairs now went more smoothly, the French aggression was temporarily checked, and internal peace was in large measure restored.
• Maximilian S/o Frederick III...............05 Jan 1477 - 27 Mar 1482 d. 1519
• He was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal. Maximilian I was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 16 February 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 19 August 1493 until his death on 12 January 1519, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky. He had ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of his father's reign, from c. 1483. He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, but he also lost the Austrian territories in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy.
• Philippe II S/o Maximilian.................27 Mar 1482 - 27 Jun 1506
• He is known as Philippe IV of Burgundy and Felipe I of Spain. Philip (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506). He was also known as Philip the Handsome or the Fair and was the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile and Léon (27 June – 25 September 1506). He was the son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Philip inherited the greater part of the Duchy of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands (as Philip IV) from his mother, Mary of Burgundy, and briefly succeeded to the Crown of Castile as the husband of Queen Joanna of Castile, who was also heiress-presumptive to the Crown of Aragon. After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundian heritance to one of his and Mary's children, Philip the Handsome. Charles VIII of France contested this, using both military and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favour of Philip in the Treaty of Senlis in 1493. Philip was the first Habsburg monarch in Spain. He never inherited his father's territories, nor became Holy Roman Emperor, because he predeceased his father, but his son Emperor Charles V eventually united the Habsburg, Burgundian, Castilian, and Aragonese inheritances. Philip on 20 October 1496, married Infanta Joanna, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, in Lier, Belgium. His wife is also known as Joan the Mad, heiress of Castile, Aragon and most of Spain. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Charles V and inherited the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, including their colonies in America; Southern Italy, Austria and the Low Countries.
• HABSBURG of Spain
• Philippe II S/o Maximilian (continued).....27 Jun 1506 - 25 Sep 1506
• Charles III S/o Philippe II (1st time).....25 Sep 1506 - 01 Sep 1542 d. 1558
• Charles III, the Golden One was eldest son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad. He became the Lord of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy (25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555), King of Spain as Carlos I with Joanna the Mad (23 January 1516 – 16 January 1556), Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans and King of Italy as Karl V (28 June 1519 – 27 August 1556). He voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I for Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II for Spain in 1556.
• France.....................................01 Sep 1542 - 10 Sep 1542
  • French Governors
  • Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise......01 Sep 1542 - 10 Sep 1542 d. 1550
• Charles III S/o Philippe II (2nd time).....10 Sep 1542 - 12 Sep 1543 d. 1558
• France.....................................12 Sep 1543 - 06 Aug 1554
  • French Governors
  • François d'Anglure....................12 Sep 1543 - 1544 d. 1544
  • François de Clèves, duc de Nevers............1544 - 06 Aug 1545 d. 1562
• Charles III S/o Philippe II (3rd time).....06 Aug 1544 - 25 Oct 1555 d. 1558
  • Maria von Habsburg (female - Regent)..26 Jun 1548 - 25 Oct 1555 d. 1558
• Philippe III S/o Charles III...............25 Oct 1555 - 13 Sep 1598
• Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. Philip III the Prudent was the King of Naples (25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598), King of England and Ireland (jure uxoris) [25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558], King of Spain as Felipe II (16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598) and King of Portugal and the Algarves (25 March 1581 – 13 September 1598).
• Isabella Clara Eugenia D/o Philippe III....13 Sep 1598 - 13 Jul 1621 with...
• She was the daughter of Philip II of Spain and his third wife Elisabeth of Valois. She became Duchess of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier, Luxemburg and Guelders; Margravine of Namur; Countess Palatine of Burgundy; Countess of Artois, Flanders, Charolais and Hainaut (06 May 1598 – 13 July 1621). Her father decided to cede the Spanish Netherlands to her on condition that she marry her cousin, Archduke Albert of Austria. They were to reign over the Netherlands jointly as duke/count and duchess/countess. They were to be succeeded by their descendants according to the male-preference cognatic primogeniture but should a female succeed, she was required to marry the King of Spain or the person chosen by the King of Spain. It was also stipulated that, should they have no children, the Netherlands would revert to the King of Spain upon the death of either spouse. On 18 April 1599, being 33 years old, she married Albert, the younger brother of her former fiancé Rudolf II. Albert was the joint sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and the former viceroy of Portugal. As Albert also was the Archbishop of Toledo, he had to be released from his religious commitments by Pope Clement VIII before the wedding could take place. Shortly before Philip II died on 13 September 1598, he renounced his rights to the Netherlands in favor of his daughter Isabella and her fiancé. Isabella later bore Albert three children, Archdukes Philip (born 21 October 1605) and Albert (born 27 January 1607) and Archduchess Anna Mauritia; however, all three died in infancy.
• Albert VII of Austria S/o Maximilian II....13 Sep 1598 - 13 Jul 1621
• Archduke Albert was the fifth son of Emperor Maximilian II, and the Infanta Maria, daughter of Emperor Charles V, and Isabella of Portugal.
• Philippe V S/o Philippe IV.................31 Jul 1621 - 17 Sep 1665
• Philip V the Great was born in Valladolid, and was the eldest son of Philip IV (Philip III of Spain) and his wife, Margaret of Austria. Philip V was King of Spain as Philip IV (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665), King of Portugal and the Algarves (31 March 1621 – 01 December 1640), Prince of Piombino (1628-1634) and Count of Artois (13 July 1621 - 07 November 1659).
• Charles IV S/o Philippe V (1st time).......17 Sep 1665 - 04 Jun 1684
• Charles IV the Bewitched was born in Madrid in 1661, the only surviving son of his predecessor, King Philip IV of Spain and his second Queen (and niece), Mariana of Austria. His birth was greeted with joy by the Spanish, who feared the disputed succession which could have ensued if Philip IV had left no male heir. Charles was King of Spain as Carlos II (17 September 1665 – 01 November 1700) and Count Palatine of Burgundy (17 September 1665 - 19 September 1678).
• BOURBON of France
• Louis-Dieudonné "le Grand".................04 Jun 1684 - 20 Sep 1697 d. 1715
• Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. At that time, his parents had already been married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift, and his birth, a miracle of God. He was often referred to as "Louis-Dieudonné" (Louis-God-given). His reign of 72 years and 110 days is one of the longest in French and European history, ruled as King of France and Navarre (14 May 1643 – 01 September 1715). During Louis's reign France was the leading European power and fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession, as well as two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Louis encouraged and benefited from the work of prominent political, military and cultural figures such as Mazarin, Colbert, the Grand Condé, Turenne and Vauban, as well as Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Le Brun, Rigaud, Bossuet, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles and Claude Perrault, and Le Nôtre.
  • French Governor and Lieutenant-General
  • Henri de Lambert.......................12 Jun 1684 - Jul 1686 d. 1686
  • He was known as Henri de Lambert, marquis de Lambert et de Saint Bris, baron de Citry.
  • French Governor
  • Louis-François, duc de Boufflers......10 Aug 1686 - Jul 1687 d. 1711
  • Nicolas de Catinat....................25 Jul 1687 - 1690 d. 1712
  • He was known as Nicolas de Catinat, seigneur de Saint Gratien. From Mar 1690, he became Lieutenant-general.
  • Within the Prov. of Lorraine 1690-1697
  • Henri, duc de Harcourt.......................1690 - 1697? d. 1718
  • Louis-François du Parc, marquis.....................1697 d. 1709
• HABSBURG of Spain
• Charles IV (2nd time)......................20 Sep 1697 - 01 Nov 1700
  • Spanish Governor and captain-general
  • Jean-Frédéric, comte d'Autel..........15 Nov 1697 - 1713 d. 1716
• Interregnum................................01 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700
• Under the authority of the Governing Board in Spain. During the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1714, the duchy was disputed between Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, from the House of Bourbon and Charles of Austria, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, from the House of Habsburg. In 1712 Luxembourg and Namur were ceded to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria by his French allies, but with the end of the war in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht Max. Emanuel was restored Elector of Bavaria. In 1713 the duchy fell to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg.
• BOURBON of France
• Philippe VI................................16 Nov 1700 - 25 May 1711 d. 1746
• He was know as Felipe V of Spain (01 November 1700 – 15 January 1724). On 15 January 1724, he abdicated in favor of his son Louis, and from 06 September 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son's death, to his death on 09 July 1746. Prior to his centralisation of Spain in 1707, he was known in Aragon as Philip IV.
• WITTELSBACH of Bavaria (Germany)
• Maximilien Marie Emmanuel..................25 May 1711 - 08 May 1713 d. 1726
• Full Name: Maximilian Emanuel Ludwig Maria Joseph Kajetan Anton Nikolaus Franz Ignaz Felix. He is known as Maximilian II, Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria (1679-1726) and a Kurfürst of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also the last governor of the Spanish Netherlands and duke of Luxembourg. An able soldier, his ambition led to conflicts that limited his ultimate dynastic achievements. He was born in Munich to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (d. 1676). His maternal grandparents were Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine Marie of France, daughter of King Henri le Grand.
• HABSBURG (Archdukes of Austria)
• Interregnum................................08 May 1713 - 07 Jan 1715
  • Hessian Governors / Administrators
  • Reinhardt Vincent, baron Hompesch............1713 - 1714 d. 1733
  • Johan Rabo, baron van Keppel..........01 Jun 1714 - 1715? d. 1733
• Charles IV S/o Leopold I...................07 Jan 1715 - 20 Oct 1740
• Full name: Karl Franz Joseph Wenceslau Balthasar Johann Anton Ignatius. He was the second son of the Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife, Princess Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, was born on 1 October 1685. His tutor was Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein. He succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (Charles II) [12 October 1711 – 20 October 1740], Hungary and Croatia (Charles III), Archduke of Austria [17 April 1711 – 20 October 1740]. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain as Charles III following the death of its ruler, and Charles's relative, Charles II of Spain, in 1700. He married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his two children: Maria Theresa, born 1717, the last Habsburg sovereign, and Maria Anna, born 1718, Governess of the Austrian Netherlands.
• Maria II Theresa D/o Charles IV............20 Oct 1740 - 29 Nov 1780 with...
• Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (German: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. Upon the death of her father, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria and France repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Prussia proceeded to invade the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia, sparking a nine-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa would later unsuccessfully try to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years War. Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, had sixteen children, including Queen Marie Antoinette of France, Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, Duchess Maria Amalia of Parma and two Holy Roman Emperors, Joseph II and Leopold II.
• HABSBURG-LORRAINE
• Francis I Stephen S/o Leopold Joseph.......20 Oct 1740 - 18 Aug 1765
• François Étienne was born in Nancy, Lorraine (now in France), the oldest surviving son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine, and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, daughter of Philippe, duc d'Orléans. He was connected with the Habsburgs through his grandmother Eleonor, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III, and wife of Charles Leopold of Lorraine, his grandfather. He was very close to his brother and sister Anne Charlotte. He was Holy Roman Emperor (13 September 1745 – 18 August 1765) and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost this title when Lorraine was seized by France in the War of the Polish Succession; he was compensated with Tuscany in the peace treaty that ended that war. He was the father of the deposed and later executed French Queen Marie Antoinette.
• Joseph S/o Francis I.......................29 Nov 1780 - 20 Feb 1790
• Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was King of the Romans (King in Germany) [27 March 1764 – 20 February 1790] and Holy Roman Emperor (18 August 1765 – 20 February 1790) and ruler of the Habsburg lands (King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria) from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I. He has been ranked, with Catherine II of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia, as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs. His policies are now known as Josephinism. He died with no sons and was succeeded by his younger brother, Leopold.
• Leopold S/o Francis I......................20 Sep 1790 - 01 Mar 1792
• Leopold II (05 May 1747 – 01 March 1792), born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor King of the Romans (King in Germany) [30 September 1790 – 01 March 1792] and King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria (20 February 1790 – 01 March 1792) and Grand Duke of Tuscany (18 August 1765 – 22 July 1790). He was a son of Emperor Francis I and his wife, Empress Maria Theresa.
• François S/o Leopold (1st time)............05 Jul 1792 - 12 Dec 1792 d. 1835
• Francis Joseph Charles was a son of the Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. Francis was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany, where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765–90. Francis became King of Hungary and Croatia (01 March 1792 – 02 March 1835), King of Bohemia (01 March 1792 – 02 March 1835), Holy Roman Emperor and King in Germany as Francis II (05 July 1792 – 06 August 1806) and Emperor of Austria as Francis I (11 August 1804 – 02 March 1835).
• Annexed to France..........................15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793
• François S/o Leopold (2nd time)............28 Apr 1793 - 01 Oct 1795
• Annexed to France..........................01 Oct 1795 - 16 Mar 1815 against...
  • Commissioners
  • Bernard Stévenotte (civil administrator).....1794 - 31 Jan 1795
  • Nicolas Vincent Legier.......................1795 - May 1798
  • He servered as a National Agent and then Commissioner.
  • Jacques Failly........................12 May 1798 - 24 Dec 1798
  • Jean-Baptiste Bernard Arnoul.............Dec 1798 - 1799
  • François Pierre Sébastien Delattre...........1799 - 1800
  • Prefects of Forêts
  • Johannes Birnbaum.....................02 Mar 1800 - 1800
  • He was know as Johann Michael Franz Birnbaum.
  • Jean-Baptiste Lacoste.................30 Nov 1800 - 1808
  • André Joseph Jourdan..................18 May 1808 - 1814
  • He was known from 11 Jun 1810 as André Joseph, baron Jourdan.
• Governor General of Allied forces
• Johann August Sack.........................10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815 d. 1831

• ORANGE-NASSAU of the Netherlands
• Luxembourg was occupied by French revolutionaries between 1794 and 1813. At the Vienna Congress, it was elevated to a Grand Duchy in 1814 and given in personal union to William I of the Netherlands. Owing to differences in succession laws, the union was dissolved in 1890 and Luxembourg became fully independent.
• Duke
• Guillaume I (King of the Netherlands)......16 Mar 1815 - 09 Jun 1815 d. 1843
• Willem Frederik (Prince William VI of Orange) was Francis' third cousin and Anne's direct descendant. He was the son of Prince William V of Orange and Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia. He became King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg; firstly from 1813–1815 as Sovereign Prince and later from 1815–1840 as King and Grand Duke. He was also First Duke of Limburg 1839–1840.
• Grand Duke / Grand Duchesses
• Guillaume I (King of the Netherlands)......09 Jun 1815 - 07 Oct 1840 d. 1843
• Guillaume II (King of the Netherlands).....07 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849
• William II (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk) was born on 11 December 1792 in The Hague. He was the eldest son of King William I of the Netherlands and Wilhelmine of Prussia. He was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Limburg 1840-1849.
  • Governor
  • Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine........21 Dec 1841 - 01 Aug 1848
  • Acting to 06 Jun 1842. He became the 1st Prime Minister from 01 Aug 1848 to 02 Dec 1848.
• Guillaume III (King of the Netherlands)....17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890
• William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk) was the son of King William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia. On the death of his grandfather William I in 1843, he became the Prince of Orange. On the death of his father in 1849, he succeeded as King of the Netherlands. He was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Limburg 1849-1890.
  • Henri (regent)........................05 Feb 1850 - 13 Jan 1879
  • Adolphe (regent - 1st time)...........11 Apr 1889 - 03 May 1889
  • Adolphe (regent - 2nd time)...........06 Nov 1890 - 23 Nov 1890
  • Adolphe later continued as Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

• NASSAU-WEILBURG
• Under the 1783 Nassau Family Pact, those territories of the Nassau family in the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Pact (Luxembourg and Nassau) were bound by semi-Salic law, which allowed inheritance by females or through the female line only upon extinction of male members of the dynasty. When William III died leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir, the crown of the Netherlands, not being bound by the family pact, passed to Wilhelmina. However, the crown of Luxembourg passed to a male of another branch of the House of Nassau: Adolphe, the dispossessed Duke of Nassau and head of the branch of Nassau-Weilburg.
• Adolphe S/o Guillaume......................23 Nov 1890 - 17 Nov 1905
• Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich was a son of William, Duke of Nassau (1792–1839) and his first wife Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Adolphe's half-sister, Sophia of Nassau, was the wife of Oscar II of Sweden. Adolf was Duke of Nassau 1839-1866.
  • Guillaume IV (regent).................14 Apr 1902 - 17 Nov 1905
• Guillaume IV S/o Adolphe (continued).......17 Nov 1905 - 25 Feb 1912
• At the death of his uncle, Prince Nikolaus-Wilhelm in 1905, the only other legitimate male in the House of Nassau-Weilburg was William's cousin, Georg Nikolaus, Count of Merenberg, the product of a morganatic marriage. So in 1907, William declared the Counts of Merenberg non-dynastic, naming his own eldest daughter Marie-Adélaïde (1894–1924) as heiress-presumptive to the grand ducal throne. She became Luxembourg's first reigning female monarch upon her father's death in 1912, and upon her own abdication in 1919, was succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte (1896–1985).
  • Marie Anne de Bragança (fem. regent)..19 Mar 1908 - 25 Feb 1912 d. 1942
  • Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal was the daughter of the usurper-king Miguel I of Portugal and wife of Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. The couple had six daughters and no sons. She died on 31 July 1942.
• Marie-Adélaïde D/o Guillaume IV (female)...25 Feb 1912 - 15 Jan 1919 d. 1924
• Maria Adelheid Theresia Hilda Antonia Wilhelmina remained unmarried and childless. Marie-Adélaïde ruled for less than 7 years and due to her unpopularity, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her sister Grand Duchess Charlotte.
  • Marie Anne de Bragança (fem. regent)..25 Feb 1912 - 14 Jun 1912
• Germany....................................02 Aug 1914 - 20 Nov 1918
  • German Military Commanders
  • Albrecht Maria Alexander Herzog von Württemberg.02 Aug 1914 - 22 Jan 1915
  • Richard Karl von Tessmar........................22 Jan 1915 - 20 Nov 1918
  • Attempts to Establish a Republic in Luxembourg 1918-1919
  • The end of World War I was followed by at chaotic period, as several groups, having different points of view on the status of post-war Luxembourg opposed each other (partisans of the reigning Grand Duchess of the House of Nassau, of forming a republic, and of annexation to Belgium or France).
    • First attempt to create a republic at Luxembourg on 09 Nov 1918 (hours) by Luxembourg-City Committee.
    • Aloys Kaiser
    • Émile Mark
    • Jean Schaak
    • Second republic revolt at Esch-sur-Alzette on 11 Nov 1918 (hours) by Esch-sur-Alzette Committee.
    • Pierre Kappweiler
    • Jacques Tillmany
    • Pierre Schaak
    • Some members of the Luxembourgian Chamber declare the House of Nassau deposed and that a Committee of Public Safety (Comité de Salut Public) will govern the "republic."
    • Émile Servais (Chairman).........10 Jan 1919 - 11 Jan 1919 d.1928
    • On 11 Jan 1919, Chamber members were dispersed by French troops.
• Charlotte D/o Guillaume IV (1st time)......15 Jan 1919 - 10 May 1940 d. 1985
• Charlotte Adelgonde Élise/Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine married her first cousin Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a son of Marie Anne's younger sister. Charlotte was in exile from 10 May 1940 - Aug 1940 in France, Aug 1940 - 04 Oct 1940 in London, 04 Oct 1940 - Nov 1940 in New York and Nov 1940 - 14 Apr 1945 in Montreal.
• Germany....................................10 May 1940 - 11 Sep 1944
  • German Military Commanders
  • Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt........10 May 1940 - 22 May 1940
  • Otto Gullmann (acting) ...............22 May 1940 - 24 May 1940
  • Friedrich Schumacher (acting).........25 May 1940 - 04 Jun 1940
  • Military Governor
  • Alexander Freiherr von Falkenhausen...04 Jun 1940 - 06 Aug 1940
  • Chief of civil administration (from Aug 30 1942, also Gauleiter of Moselland)
  • Gustav Simon (fled 1-3 Sep 1944)......07 Aug 1940 - 11 Sep 1944
  • Curt Souchay (acting for Simon).......01 Sep 1944 - 03 Sep 1944
  • President of UNION (Resistance Force)
  • François Schammel............................1944 - 1945
  • On 23 Mar 1944, Letzeburger Patriote Liga, Letzeburger Róde Léf and Letzeburger Volléks-Legóin resistance movements, set up previously, unite into a new organization called Unión vun de Letzeburger Freihéts-organisation (UNION). On 23 Mar 1944, Letzeburger Patriote Liga, Letzeburger Róde Léf and Letzeburger Volléks-Legóin resistance movements, set up previously, unite into a new organization called Unión vun de Letzeburger Freihéts-organisation (UNION). On 01 Sep 1944, Letzeburger Freihéts-Bewegong joins UNION.
• Allied Forces Occupation...................11 Sep 1944 - 12 Apr 1945
  • Allied Regional Military Government Officers, Luxembourg (all from U.S.)
  • Charles William Matthews (1st time)...13 Sep 1944 - 16 Sep 1944
  • Edgar Alonzo Jett II..................16 Sep 1944 - 13 Nov 1944
  • Charles William Matthews (2nd time)...13 Nov 1944 - 23 Apr 1945
• Charlotte D/o Guillaume IV (2nd time)......12 Apr 1945 - 12 Nov 1964 d. 1985
  • Jean (regent).........................04 May 1961 - 12 Nov 1964

• CAPET-Bourbon-Spain-Parma
• Jean S/o Félix (continued).................12 Nov 1964 - 07 Oct 2000
• Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano was the son of Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma and Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. Among his godparents was Pope Benedict XV, who gave him his second name. He abdicated on 07 October 2000, and was succeeded on the throne by his son Henri.
  • Henri (regent)........................04 Mar 1998 - 07 Oct 2000
• Henri S/o Jean (continued).................07 Oct 2000 - date
• Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume is the eldest son of Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium. His maternal grandparents were King Leopold III of Belgium and Astrid of Sweden. He is a nephew of the current King of the Belgians, Albert II.

Designer: Yvette Gastauer-Claire (obverse by Luxembourger artist) and Luc Luycx (reverse)

• 2002 Utrecht, Netherlands : caduceus - Mark : bow and star - W. J. van Schauwenburg (interim).
• 2003 - 2004 Utrecht, Netherlands : caduceus - Mark : Sails - Maarten Brouwer (holder).
• 2005 - 2006 Rahapaja Oy, Finland : "S" and logo of Vanda mint.
• 2007 - 2008 Monnaie de Paris, France : horn of plenty and "F" in star - Mark : hunting horn, , a wave and a fish - Hubert Lariviere.
• 2009 - 2015 Utrecht, Netherlands : caduceus - Mark : Sails - Maarten Brouwer (holder).
• 2016 - 2017 Utrecht, Netherlands : caduceus - Mark : Sails and star - Kees Bruinsma (interim).
• 2018 Sint Servaasbrug, Netherlands : Mark : Pesac.