• BYBLOS (Modern Jubayl)
• An ancient port on the Lebanese coast, about 20 miles (32 km.) north of Beirut. It's name has spanned the globe from it being the principal port through which papyrus was exported into Greece: "Byblos" is the Greek transliteration of the term for papyrus, hence "Bible", "bibliography", etc. A community of some sort has been located here since at least 4000 BCE.
• Egypt................................................c. 2000 - c. 1800
• Abichemou I....................................................fl. 1800's
• Yapachemou Abi I...............................................fl. 1790's
• Rib-Hadda......................................................fl. 1700's
• Yakin
• Yantin-Ammu....................................................fl. 1500's
• Abichemou II
• Yapachemou Abi II
• Eglia
• Egypt................................................c. 1550 - c. 1050
  • Rib-Addi..................................................fl. 1300's
  • Ilirabi...................................................fl. 1300's
  • Unknown rulers
• Zakar Baal.....................................................fl. 1100's
• Ahiram.........................................................fl. 1000's
• Zakar Baal.....................................................fl. c. 1000
• Ithobaal.......................................................fl. early 900's
• Yahimilik......................................................fl. mid 900's
• Abi-Baal.......................................................fl. c. 930
• Elibaal........................................................fl. late 900's
• Tyre..............................................10th cent. - 7th cent. ?
  • Urumilki..................................................fl. c. 740
  • Sibiti Baal...................................fl. 740's - 730's
  • Milkiashapa...............................................mid 600's
• Tyre.............................................7th cent. ? - 573
• Babylonia................................................573 - 539
• Persia...................................................539 - 332
  • Yehawmilk.................................................fl. 450's
  • Paltibaal.................................................fl. mid 400's
  • Batnoam (female)..........................................fl. 400's
  • Ozbaal....................................................fl. late 400's
  • Malcander.................................................fl. later 300's ?
  • Enylus............................................... ? - 332
• Macedon..................................................332 - 323
• Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301
• Egypt....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - ?
  • Cinyrus.............................................. ? - 68
• Roman Republic............................................68 - 27
• Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 612
• Persia...................................................612 - 628
• Byzantine Empire.........................................628 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661
• Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1071
• Seljuqs.................................................1071 - 1099
• Jerusalem...............................................1099 - 1109
• Lordship of GIBELET - de St. GILES
  • Raymund............................................1104 - c. 1109
• Genoa...................................................1109 - 1187
• di EMBRIACO
  • William I.................................................fl. c. 1109
  • Ugo I...........................................c. 1109 - 1135
  • William II.........................................1135 - 1157
  • Ugo II.............................................1163 - 1179
  • Ugo III............................................1181 - 1186
  • Guido I (1st time).................................1186 - 1187 d. 1233
• Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty).................................1187 - 1196
• Genoa...................................................1196 - 1282
  • Guido I (2nd time).................................1196 - 1233
  • Henry I............................................1233 - 1252
  • Bertrand II.......................................... ? - 1258
  • Henry II...........................................1258 - 1271
  • Guido II...........................................1271 - 1282
• Tripoli.................................................1282 - 1287
• Genoa...................................................1287 - 1289
  • Bartholomew........................................1287 - 1289
• Egypt, and general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1289...
  • Peter..............................................1289 - 1298
  • ANTIOCH
  • John...............................................1298 - 1300

• ITUREA (The Bekaa Valley)
• A region in southern Lebanon, near the current border with Israel. The capital of the region was the city of Chalcis; historically Chalcis was very Hellenized, even when under the rule of Jewish kings. The Itureans were a people of uncertain origin. They were probably Aramean in origin but may have been Canaanites or even a northern branch of the Nabataeans. They were expert archers and were frequently incorporated as auxiliaries in Roman armies. The region of Iturea is centered on what is today called the Bekaa valley, a region well known for being the birthplace of several Shi'ite terrorist groups as well as one of the most prolific heroin-poppy production areas in the world. See also, Amurru, an important city located in this region.
• AMURRU
• A city-state in southern Lebanon, not far from Tyre, and located within Iturea. It was governed by an early Semitic people whose influence was felt all over the Middle East and to which it has given an overall name to; the Amorites.
• Abdi-Ashirta....................................................early 1300's
• Pubahla ben Abdi-Ashirta (in Ullaza)............................early 1300's
• Aziru...........................................................early 1300's
• Duppi-Teshub....................................................1300's
• Shaushgamuwa I.....................................fl. 1270's - 1240's
• Ben-Teshina.....................................................late 1200's
• Shaushgamuwa (II ?)
• Sacked and destroyed by the Sea Peoples
• Jetur (eponymous ancestor king)
• ARAM-ZOBAH - An Aramean kingdom in central Syria. For a time it was the dominant Aramean kingdom before the ascendency of Damascus.
• Unknown rulers
• Rehob...........................................................fl. late 1000's BCE
• Hadad-ezer bar Rehob............................................fl. early 900's
• Israel................................................c.980's - 920's
• Damascus................................................920's - 732
• Assyria...................................................732 - 612
• Babylon...................................................612 - 539
• Persia....................................................539 - 332
• Macedon...................................................332 - 323
  • Menon, son of Krydems............................fl. 330 - 320
• Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301
• Egypt.....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - 168
  • Seleucid governors of Coele-Syria
  • Apollonius the Samaritan, or, of Tarsus...........c. 180 - 175
  • Apollonius Taos, son of Appolonius.........................fl. c. 147
• Independent........................................late 160's - 105
• In 105 BCE Iturea was invaded and partially conquered by Judah Aristobulus, the Hasmonean king of Judea. Its Hellenistic kings probably paid tribute to Judea until the imposition of Roman rule.
  • Unknown rulers
  • Ptolemy Mennaeus......................................85 - 40
  • Lysanias...........................................c. 40 - 36
• To Rome thereafter...
• With direct Roman control, Augustus transferred Chalcis into the care of the Herodian dynasty of Judea.
  • Judea...............................................30's - 4
  • HERODIAN
  • Philip.............................................4 BCE - 34 CE
• To Rome directly...........................................34 - 41
  • Herod II..............................................41 - 48
• Rome directly..............................................48 - 50
  • Herod Agrippa II (in Batanaea 52-c. 100)..............50 - 52 d. c. 100
  • Aristobulus III.......................................52 - 92
  • Unknown rulers
• Roman Empire..................................c. 2nd cent. CE - 395
• Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors.....................638 - 661
• Umayyad Caliphate.........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate.........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)...................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate.........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty).................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)...................................969 - 1071
• Seljuqs..................................................1071 - 1124
• Jerusalem................................................1124 - 1244
• Tripoli..................................................1244 - 1292
• Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1292 - 1390
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1516
• Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918
• In the 18th century, the area around Baalbek was occupied by the Metawali, a sect that probably migrated to the Levant from Persia - they are basically Shi'ite, but their worship practices include pilgrimage to the ruins of a temple honouring Ishtar (Ashtaroth) at Apheca where they address vows to the Sayyidat al-Kabirah, ("the Great Lady"); as such, they are sometimes accused by more orthodox Muslims of heresy. For almost a hundred years Ottoman jurisdiction was purely nominal, and the Metawali ruled a virtually independent enclave from which they warred against neighboring Maronite, Druze, and Sunni tribes. They remain today, both in the Bekaa and also in northern Lebanon, around Kesrawan and Batroun.
• general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1918
• Although this region retains international recognition as a part of the Lebanese state, day-to-day authority has been in the hands of non-Lebanese military and paramilitary factions, notably Hesbollah and elements of the Syrian Army, since the 1970's.

• LIBAN "Lebanon proper"
• It consisting of the Lebanon mountain range in the center of the country. Historically this has been the center of Maronite Christian dominance in the country.
• KUNDI AND SIZU - A pair of city-states ruled as a single kingdom, located in the Lebanon Mountain range. The populace were probably Arameans.
• Unknown rulers
• Sanduarri..........................................late 700's - 680
• Assyria...................................................680 - 612 BCE
• Babylon...................................................612 - 539
• Persia....................................................539 - 332
• Macedon...................................................332 - 323
• Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301
• Egypt.....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - 68
• Silas the Jew (Tyrant of Lysias)...........................68 - 63
• Roman Republic.............................................63 - 27
• Roman Empire...........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 612
• Persia....................................................612 - 628
• MARADA STATES (628-1305).
• With the Muslim conquest of the Levant, an island of Christian dominance was maintained around Mt. Lebanon and the surrounding mountains. Ruled by a Maronite Christian, Syriac Aramaic-speaking warrior elite called the Mardaites, the tiny Marada states survived for almost six hundred years. Though the Mardaites had no king per se, they all acknowledged the supremacy of the Maronite patriarch. As an interesting aside, it should be noted that Mardaite communities existed elsewhere in the Levant, and that in the late 600's Justinian II relocated a large number of these as part of a peace treaty with the Caliphate. One of the relocated "Isaurians", as they were called, would eventually become Emperor Leo III the Isaurian.
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1305 - 1516
• Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918
• In 1861 Mount Lebanon was granted special status as an autonomous province jointly governed by the Maronites and their Druze neighbors.
  • Governors of Mount Lebanon
  • Davud Pasha.........................................1861 - 1868 d. 1873
  • Franko Pasha........................................1868 - 1873
  • Rustem Pasha........................................1873 - 1883 d. 1885
  • Vasa Pasha..........................................1883 - 1892
  • Naum Pasha..........................................1892 - 1902 d. 1911
  • Muzaffar Pasha......................................1902 - 1907
  • Yusuf Pasha.........................................1907 - 1912
  • Yohannes Kuyumjian Pasha............................1912 - 1915
  • Ali Munif Bey.......................................1915 - 1916
  • Ismail Haqqi........................................1916 - 1918
  • Mumtaz Bey.................................................1918
  • Omar al-Dauk...............................................1918
• Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920
• France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943
• The French gave the Maronites of Lebanon a choice between a small nation consisting primarily of Maronite-majority areas or a "greater Lebanon" comprising regions where Sunnis, Shi'ites and Druze were dominant. The Maronite leaders opted for the latter choice, leading to the rampant "armed diversity" that characterizes Lebanon today.
• general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1943.

• MARONITE PATRIARCHS
• The Maronites are a Christian community of the Levant. Their liturgy is of the Antiochene type, but conducted in Syriac. Their head has always resided in Lebanon, though he bears the title "Patriarch of Antioch and the East". The Maronites trace their beginnings to St. Maron, a 5th-century monk, but did not officially become a distinct religious community until the 7th century, when they adopted the doctrine of Monotheletism (that Jesus had one will, despite having both human and divine natures). During the crusades the Maronites recognized the supremacy of the Pope and are currently in communion with the Roman Catholic church. As in other Eastern Catholic rites, the parish priests are usually married. The Maronite Patriarchs exerted enormous secular power over the Christians of Lebanon, particularly during the period of the Marada States (see Liban). In the 19th cent., massacres of Maronites by the Druze brought French intervention; this gave France its modern hold in Lebanon and Syria. Besides the Maronites there are two other groups in Syria in communion with the pope - the Melkites and the Syrian Catholics.
• Patriarchs during the Marada State (676-1099)
• John Maron I Agathonides (1st Maronite Patr. of Antioch)..676 - 707
• 63rd after Saint Peter. First of the Maronite patriarchs. He was born in 628.
• Cyr (Kyros)...............................................707 - ?
• Son of Saint Maron's sister.
• Gabriel I
• Last patriarch to reside in Kfarhi monastery.
• John Maron II...................................................mid 700's
• Gregory I (Gregorius I)
• Stephan (Stephanos I)
• Mark
• Eusebius (Hoaushab)
• John I
• Joshua I (Yeshu I)
• David (Daoud I)
• Theofelix (Theophilactus) - Also known as John II Habib
• Joshua II (Yeshu II) of Damascus
• Dumith (Domitius) of Beirut
• Isaac (Ishaq)...................................................mid 1000's
• John III (Youhanna III).........................................late 1000's
• Simon I (Sham'un I or Semaan)...................................late 1000's
• Urmia I (Jeremiah I)
• John IV (Youhanna IV)
• Sham'un II (Simon II)
• Sham'un III (Simon III)
• Gregory II................................................. ? - 1110
• Patriarchs during the Crusades (1099–1305)
• Joseph al-Gergessi [Youssif al Jirjissi].................1110 - 1120
• Joseph was the first Patriarch to enter into communion with Rome. He also was first to contact with the Crusaders.
• Peter I (Butros I).......................................1121 - 1130
• Patriarcate moves to Mayfuq, Jbeil.
• Gregory III of Halate....................................1130 - 1141
• Jacob I (Yaqub I) of Ramate..............................1141 - 1151
• John V of Lehfed.........................................1151 - 1154
• Peter II.................................................1154 - 1173
• Peter III of Lehfed......................................1173 - 1199
• Urmia II (Jeremiah II) of Amshit.........................1199 - 1230
• Daniel I of Shamat.......................................1230 - 1239
• John VI of Jaje..........................................1239 - 1245
• Simon IV (Sham'un IV) of Bilaouza Jibbet.................1245 - 1277
• Jacob II (Yaqub II)......................................1277 - 1278
• Daniel II of Hadchit.....................................1278 - 1282
• Luqa I of Benahran..............................................1282
• Urmia III (Jeremiah III) of Demalsa......................1282 - 1297
• Patriarchs during the Mumluks (1305-1516)
• Sham'un V (Simon V)......................................1297 - 1339
• John VII of Aqura........................................1339 - 1357
• Gabriel II of Hjula......................................1357 - 1367
• Daoud II.................................................1367 - 1404
• John VII of Jaje.........................................1404 - 1445
• Jacob III of Hadeth......................................1445 - 1468
• Joseph II of Hadeth......................................1468 - 1492
• Patriarchs during the Ottomans (1516-1918)
• Semaan of Hadeth.........................................1492 - 1524
• Mousa Saaed el-Akari of Barida/Kafroun...................1524 - 1567
• Michael (Mikhail) Rizzi of Bkoufan.......................1567 - 1581
• Sarkis el-Rizzi of Bkoufan...............................1581 - 1597
• Joseph III el-Rizzi of Bkoufan...........................1597 - 1608
• John IX Maklouf of Ehden................................ 1608 - 1633
• Gewargios (George) Omaira of Ehden.......................1633 - 1644
• Joseph IV Halib of Aqoura................................1644 - 1648
• John X Bawab Safrawy of Safra............................1648 - 23 Dec 1656
• George II (Jirjis) Rizqallah of Beseb'el..........01 Jan 1657 - 12 Apr 1670
• He was son of Hadj Rizqallah. After the death of Patriarch Safrawy happened on December 23, 1656, the bishops elected as patriarch the monk George Habquq, who anyway for humility refused and escaped in a cave of the Kadisha Valley to live as an hermit. So a second election was held and on January 1, 1657 the Archbishop George Beseb'ely was elected patriarch. His election was confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on May 26, 1659, and he received the pallium on August 30, 1660.
• Estephen II Boutros El Douaihy of Ehden...........20 May 1670 - 03 May 1704
• Almost immediately after his death, he was considered by many Maronites of Lebanon, but particularly in North Lebanon in Zgharta and Ehden to have been a saint.
• Gabriel of Blaouza................................12 May 1704 - 31 Oct 1705
• Jacob IV Awad of Hasroun..........................06 Nov 1705 - 12 Feb 1733
• The election of Jacob Awad as patriarch was opposed by a number of bishops, who in the next years built a fierce opposition to him, spreading rumors about inadmissible behaviors of the Patriarch in his residence of Qannubin Monastery. These rumors turned into a large scandal, and finally the bishops, advised by some Latin missionaries, in particular by the Carmelite Elias Giacinto, sent for Jacob Awad and summoned a brief trial in the church of Saint Serge and Bacchus in Rayfoun. Here, on May 1710, Jacob Awad was declared guilty and deposed. In his place it was elected patriarch the bishop of Saida, Youssef Moubarak Al Rayfouni and Awad was confined in the monastery of Our Lady of Louiaze. However, to fully enforce the decisions taken, it was necessary to obtain the approval of Pope: with this aim the opponents of Awad sent to Rome Georges Benjamin bishop of Ehden. In Rome, contrary to Benjamin's hopes, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on December 16, 1710 ruled in favor of Awad.
• Joseph V Dergham Khazen of Ghosta.................25 Feb 1733 - 13 May 1742
• The reign of Joseph Dergham El Khazen is remembered for the 1736 Maronite Synod of Mount-Lebanon, which laid the foundations for the modern Maronite Church. At the death of Patriarch Joseph Khazen, who died on May 13, 1742, the bishops who attended the funeral met and elected Simon Awad as Patriarch, but Simon refused for humility. The bishops so elected the bishop of Arka, Elias Mohasseb. Bishops Tobias El Khazen and Ignace Chrabai were absent from the meeting, perhaps not invited, and opposed the election of Elias. These two bishops ordained two new bishops and held a new election among themselves, electing Tobias El Khazen as Patriarch and splitting the Church. To keep the Church united, the Pope Benedict XIV took the extraordinary initiative to deal directly into the affairs of the Maronite Church, and on March 16, 1743 he choose Simon Awad in place of the two pretenders.
• Simon VII Awad of Hasroun.........................16 Mar 1743 - 12 Feb 1756
• Tobias (Tubiya) El Khazen of Bekaata Kanaan.......28 Feb 1756 - 29 May 1766
• Joseph VI Estephan of Ghosta......................09 Jun 1766 - 22 Apr 1793
• Michael Fadel of Beirut...........................10 Sep 1793 - 17 May 1795
• Philip Gemayel of Bikfaya.........................14 Jun 1795 - 12 Apr 1796
• Joseph VII Peter Tyan of Beirut...................28 Apr 1796 - 24 Sep 1808
• John XI Helou of Ghosta...........................08 Jun 1809 - 12 May 1823
• After the turbulent years in which the previous Patriarch Joseph Tyan supported Napoleon in the Siege of Acre (1799) and came in conflict with the emir Bashir II, Patriarch John Helou chose a low and neutral course of action, and from 1811 he retreated in the Qannubin Monastery, the ancient and abandoned patriarchal residence, located in the deep gorge of Kadisha Valley, which he restored.
• Joseph VIII (Youssef) Peter Hobaish of SahelAlma..25 May 1823 - 23 May 1845
• Joseph IX (Youssef) Ragi El Khazen of Ajaltoun....18 Aug 1845 - 03 Nov 1854
• Paul I Peter (Boulos Boutros) Massad of Ashkout...12 Nov 1854 - 18 Apr 1890
• John XII Peter Hanna El Hajj of Dlebta............28 Apr 1890 - 24 Dec 1898
• Patriarchs after World War I
• Elias Peter Hoayek of Hilta.......................06 Jan 1899 - 24 Dec 1931
• Anthony II Peter Arida of Bsharri.................08 Jan 1932 - 19 May 1955
• Paul II Peter (Boulos Boutros) Meoushi of Jezzine.25 May 1955 - 11 Jan 1975
• Anthony III Peter Khoraish of Ain Ibl.............03 Feb 1975 - 03 Apr 1986
• On April 03, 1986, he resigned as Maronite Patriarch of Antioch. He died on August 19, 1994 in Beirut and was buried at the see of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate in Bkerké, Lebanon.
• Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of Reyfoun................19 Apr 1986 - 26 Feb 2011
• He was elected to the primacy of the Maronite Church by the Council of Maronite Bishops, on April 19, 1986, and he was confirmed by Pope John Paul II on May 07, 1986. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on April 27, 1986, and his resignation was accepted on February 26, 2011. He is the third Maronite Cardinal and he was the 76th Patriarch of the Maronite Church with the official title of "His Beatitude and Eminence the seventy-sixth Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".
• Bechara Boutros al-Rahi of Himlaya................15 Mar 2011 - date

• SIDON
• The oldest and, for a time, most powerful of Phoenician cities. Located equidistant between Tyre (Sur) to the south and modern Beirut to the north, it still exists as a bustling Mediterranean seaport under the name of Saydah.
• Zimrida.........................................................18th cent.
• Unknown rulers
• Zimr-Hadda (Zimrida II).........................................1300's BCE
• Iab-nilu........................................................1300's
• Unknown rulers
• Tyre...............................................10th cent. - 7th cent. ?
  • Ethbaal (Etzel-Baal).................................940 - 908
  • Ethbaal was the father of Jezebel (Eyezevel), who married King Ahab of Israel.
  • Unknown rulers
  • Tubaal.....................................................fl. c. 740
  • Luli..........................................late 700's - early 600's
  • Luli may be identical to Elulaios, King of Tyre......729 - 694.
• Abd Melkarth....................................................early 600's
• Abdimilkutte (same as above ?)..................................fl. 660's
• Tyre..............................................7th cent. ? - 573
• Babylon...................................................573 - 539
• Persia....................................................539 - 332
  • Eshmunazzar I
  • Tabnit I...................................................fl. early 400's
  • Amastoreth (Anysus)........................................fl. c. 480's
  • Eshmunazzar II
  • Tetramnestus
  • Ba'al Sillem II......................................407 - 374
  • Bodastart I Strato................................c. 374 - 363
  • Tabnit II (Tennes)...................................363 - 358
  • In 358, Tabnit II raised the standard of rebellion in Sidon, but was crushed by Persia later the same year. The city was razed, and had to be rebuilt.
  • Bodastart II
  • Yaton Melik
  • Abdiashirta................................................fl. mid 300's
  • Unknown rulers
• Macedon...................................................332 - 323
  • Abdalonymous (also in Tyre)..........................332 - ?
• Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301
  • Philoclos.........................................c. 312 - c. 310
• Egypt.....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - c. 112
• Aristocratic Republic..................................c. 112 - 68
• Roman Republic.............................................68 - 27
• Roman Empire...........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 612
• Persia....................................................612 - 628
• Byzantine Empire..........................................628 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors.....................638 - 661
• Umayyad Caliphate.........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate.........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)...................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate.........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty).................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)...................................969 - 1110
• Jerusalem................................................1110 - 1244
  • Lordship of Sagette
  • GRENIER
  • Eustace I...........................................1110 - 1124
  • Eustace II..........................................1124 - c. 1131
  • Gerard...........................................c. 1131 - 1164
  • To Jerusalem directly (1164-c. 1171)
  • BOFOR
  • Reynald..........................................c. 1171 - c. 1187
• Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty)..................................1187 - 1229
• Jerusalem................................................1229 - 1244
  • d'IBELIN
  • Balian (Lord of Beirut & Nablus)....................1229 - 1247
• Tripoli..................................................1244 - 1292
  • GRENIER
  • Julian..............................................1247 - 1260
  • Balian II...........................................1260 - 1291
  • Eustace III ? ......................................1291 - 1292
• Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1292 - 1390
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1516
• Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918
  • Under the control of the Emirs of Lebanon (see Tripoli below), 1660-1772
  • Ottoman Walis in Sa`ida (Sidon) and Acre (Akko)
  • Umar az-Zahir ibn Umar az-Zaydani...................1772 - 1775
  • Ahmad Pasha the Butcher (al-Djazzar)................1775 - 1804
  • Süleyman Pasha......................................1804 – 1809
  • Ismail..............................................1809 – 1820
  • Abdullah Pasha......................................1820 - 1831
• Egypt (Muhammad Ali - Khedivate Dynasty)..........27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840
• Ottoman Empire....................................10 Oct 1840 - 1918
  • Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha.......................Nov 1840 - Mar 1841
  • Eneste/Haseki Mehmed Selim Pasha................Mar 1841 - Dec 1841
  • Mehmed Izzet Pasha..............................Dec 1841 - Jul 1841
  • Mustapha Pasha.............................................1842
  • Selim Pasha................................................1842
  • Ömer Pasha (Mihaylo Lattas).........................1842 - 07 Dec 1842
  • Ayasli Asad Mehmed Muhlis Pasha.................Aug 1842 - 09 Apr 1845
  • Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha.................09 Apr 1845 – Jan 1846
  • Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha.....................Jan 1846 - Sep 1847
  • Mustafa Sherifi Pasha...........................Sep 1847 - Jul 1848
  • Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha (1st)...Aug 1848 - Sep 1851
  • Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha .........................Sep 1851 – Sep 1852
  • Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha (2nd)...Sep 1852 – Mar 1855
  • Mahmud Nedim Pasha..............................Mar 1855 - Dec 1855
  • Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha (3rd)...Dec 1855 - Jun 1857
  • Arnavud Mehmed Kurshid Pasha....................Jun 1857 – 17 Jul 1860
  • Fuad Pasha...................................17 Jul 1860 - 09 Jun 1861 and...
  • Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul.16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861 d. 1890
  • He was a French Commander. He is especially known for leading in 1860, the French expedition in Syria in the Ottoman territory, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle-East, following massacres of Maronite Christians.
  • Kaysarli Ahmad Pasha............................Aug 1861 – Feb 1863
  • Mehmed Kabuli Pasha.............................Feb 1863 - Feb 1864 d. 1877
  • Mehmed Kurshid Pasha............................Feb 1864 – Apr 1865
  • Within Vilayet of Beirut thereafter...
• Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920
• France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943
• Lebanon sequence afterwards...

• TORON (Tibneen)
• A town in southern Lebanon, 49 miles (79 km.) south of Beirut, 14 miles (22 km.) east of Tyre, and 10 miles (16 km.) west of Qiryat Shemona, in Israel. The castle of Toron was built by Hugh of St. Omer, Prince of Galilee, to help capture Tyre. After Hugh's death it was made an independent seigneury, given to Humphrey I in 1107. The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in the kingdom; Humphrey II was constable of Jerusalem and Humphrey IV was married to Isabella, Amalric I's daughter (Toron passed under royal control during their marriage). It was also one of the few to have a hereditary lordship, at least for a few decades. The lords of Toron were also connected to the Lordship of Outrejordain. Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre. Toron had two vassals of its own, the Lordship of Castel Neuf and the Lordship of Toron Ahmud. Castel Neuf was built by Hugh of St. Omer around 1105 but was later given to the Hospitallers, until it fell to Nur ad-Din in 1167. Toron Ahmud remained in the Lordship of Beirut until John of Ibelin sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1261.
• Kingdom of Jerusalem.....................................1100 - 1187
  • de FAQUEMBERG
  • Hugh of St. Omer (Pr. of Galilee)..................... ? - 1107
  • de TORON
  • Humphrey I..........................................1107 - 1136
  • Humphrey II.........................................1136 - 1178 with...
  • Humphrey III.....................................c. 1160 - c. 1170
  • Humphrey IV......................................c. 1179 - 1183 d. 1192 ?
  • Royal domain........................................1183 - 1187
• Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty)..................................1187 - 1229
• Toron was dismantled by Sultan al-Muazzam in 1219 along with the defenses of Jerusalem and the castles of Safed and Banyas. This was done in case it was necessary to exchange these for Damietta on the Nile Delta, which had been captured by the forces of the Fifth Crusade who were now threatening Cairo. Al-Mu'azzam was not prepared to give strong defendable cities to the Crusaders if he could avoid it. Although the exchange proved unnecessary, al-Mu'azzam's caution was justified. In 1229, just two years after al-Mu'azzam's death on November 11, 1227, Frederick II recovered Toron in a treaty with Sultan al-Kamil. Frederick then had the fortifications of Toron and Montfort rebuilt.
• Kingdom of Jerusalem.....................................1229 - 1283
  • de MONTFORT
  • Philip (and Lord of Tyre)...........................1229 - 1270
  • John (and Lord of Tyre).............................1270 - 1283
• Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1283 - 1390
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1517
• Ottoman Empire...........................................1517 - 1917
• Great Britain............................................1917 - 1918
• Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920
• France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943
• Lebanon sequence afterwards...

• TRIPOLI (Arabic Tarabulus, Phoen. Athar?)
• An important seaport located in northern Lebanon; a County during Crusader times. In it's origins, Tripoli consisted of three cities (founded as colonies of Sidon, Tyre, and Arvad), each a Greek stadia's distance from each other. The city was the center of a loose federation between these three dominant Phoenician states.
• 1400–1200 BC: Recent discovery of pottery fragments: evidence of late Bronze Age settlement. Historical written records mention the settlement of the Had'teen Tribe (Cana'anian) after migrating from Palestine (13th BC); later on they were known as Tripolitans. Greeks named the Cana'anians 'the Phoenicians.'
• 14th–8th century BC: Phoenician trading station. Later on, Phoenicians started sailing to shores of Northern Africa and South Europe and establishing cities in many Mediterranean localities.
• Founded c. 700
• Joint rule by Sidon, Tyre, and Arvad..................c. 700 - 539 BCE
• Persia...................................................539 - 332
• Phoenicia became a province of the Persian Empire.
• 351 BC: Full independence proclaimed by Phoenician states from the Persian Empire.
• 358 BC: Triple city coalesced into one entity; became the center of Phoenician confederation and neutral meeting ground for the governors of the three main Phoenician cities/seaports: Aradus (modern Ruad in Syria), Sidon, and Tyre.
• Macedon..................................................332 - 323
• 333 BCE: Alexander the Great in Phoenicia following victory over Persian king at Issus, arsenals of Tripolis harbor burned down. In 323 BCE,  Alexander's death and break-up of his empire into three parts: Macedon, Egypt (ruled by the Ptolemies), and the Seleucid Empire. Struggle between the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucid kings of Antioch; Tripolis passed back and forth between the two powers.
• Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301
• Egypt....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - ?
• Dionysius (as tyrant ?)................................... ? - 68
• Roman Republic............................................68 - 27
• In 64 BCE, Phoenicia and the rest of Syria became a Roman province; Tripoli, Tyre and Sidon granted privileges of self-government (secondary role of Tripolis compared to Beirut and Sidon); Roman general Pompey beheaded Dionysius, the ruler of Tripolis, judged as tyrant. In 37–36 BCE, Tripolis is a part of the donations by Marc Antony to Cleopatra.
• Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• In 117–138, under Emperor Hadrian, Tripolis was granted the right of asylum and assigned a naval command; it became an important religious center with a temple for imperial cult; from numismatic evidence it must have had temples dedicated to Astarte, the Dioscuri and Zeus Haghios.
• Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661
• In 645/646, Muslim army laid siege to Tripoli. General Sufyan built a fort on Abu Samra hilltop to survey the city; population fled to Cyprus; Tripoli captured and resettled with Persians and Jewish population. From 646–1070, Tripoli subject to Byzantine incursions during the Ummayad, Abassid and Fatimid rule aimed at the control of the coastal road.
• Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1070
• Seljuqs.................................................1070 - 1101
  • From 1070–1109, Tripoli politically independent from the Fatimids under the Banu Ammar emirs, who built the famous Dar Al-Ilm (a library that contained around 3,000,000 manuscripts).
    BANU 'AMMAR
  • Amin ud-Dawlah Hassan..............................1070 - 1072
  • Djalal ul-Malik Ali................................1072 - 1099
  • Fakhr ul-Mulk......................................1099 - 1109 opposed by...
• Principality of Tripoli
• TOULOUSE
• Raymond I (Count of Toulouse 1088-1105).................1101 - 1105
• 1099 beginning of a ten years siege of Tripoli by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Count of Toulouse (d. 1105 prior to the ending of the siege). Beginning of the construction of the Citadel in 1103. Fall of Tripoli to the Crusaders and its rebuilding over Muslim town in 1109.
• Alphonse-Jordan.........................................1105 - 1109
  • William-Jordan (regent)............................1105 - 1109
• Bertrand................................................1109 - 1112
• Pons....................................................1112 - 1137
• Raymond II..............................................1137 - 1152
• Raymond III (Prince of Galilee as well).................1152 - 1187
• CHATILLON
• Bohemond IV (in Antioch 1163-1201)......................1187 - 1233
• Bohemond V..............................................1233 - 1251
• Bohemond VI (in Antioch 1251-1268)......................1251 - 1275
• In 1268, the castle and the Crusaders burg occupied and destroyed by Baibars.
• Bohemond VII............................................1275 - 1287
• Sybilla (female)...............................................1287
• Republic (commune)......................................1287 - 1288
• Lucia (female)..........................................1288 - 1289
• In 1289, Fall of Crusader Tripoli (harbor city: El Mina) to Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun; city site transferred inland at the foot of Mount Peregrinus (Abu Samra) for protection against the return of the knights still on Cyprus and Rhodes; Arab Tripoli or medina built around inland citadel (the castle of saint-Gilles) over Crusader bourg and along the banks of Qadisha River (Abu Ali).
• Egypt (Bahri Mamluq)....................................1289 - 1390
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1390 - 1412
  • MA'ANID
  • Ali
  • Bashir I
  • Muhammad
  • Sa'ad ad-Din..........................................? - 1349
  • Othman.............................................1349 - ?
• Nawruz al-Harzi.........................................1412 - 1414
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1414 - 1516
  • Ahmed I
  • Mulhim I............................................. ? - 1480
  • Yusuf II...........................................1480 - 1516
  • At the end of the 15th century, the governor of Tripoli (Lebanon) Youssef Bek Sayfa established Khan Al Saboun (the hotel of soap traders). This market was finished at the beginning of the 16th century, the last days of the Mamlouks ruling. The manufacture of soap was very popular in Tripoli. There, the market became a trade center where soap was produced and sold. Afterwards, traders of Tripoli began to export their soap to Europe.
• Ottoman Empire..........................................1516 - 1832
  • Fakhr ad-Din I.....................................1516 - 1544
  • Qurqumaz I ibn Fakhr ad-Din I......................1544 - 1585
  • To the Ottomans directly 1585-1590
  • Fakhr ad-Din II ibn Qurqumaz I (1st time)..........1590 - 1613 d. 1635
  • In 1612, flood destroyed Mamluk monuments.
  • Yunus II ibn Qurqumaz I............................1613 - 1617
  • Fakhr ad-Din II ibn Qurqumaz I (2nd time)..........1617 - 1635
  • In 1623, Fakhr ad-Din attacked the forces of Pasha of Tripoli at Anjar; Tripoli fell to Fakhr-ed-Din, (Sultan al-Barr or Sultan of the Land).
  • Ali ibn Fakhr ad-Din I.....................................1635
  • Mulhim I ibn Yunus II..............................1635 - 1657
  • Ahmad ibn Mulhim I.................................1657 - 1697 with...
  • Qurqumaz II........................................1658 - 1665
  • SHIHABID Sunni Muslims until Yusuf III, Maronite Christians thereafter.
  • Bashir I ibn al-Husayn.............................1697 - 1706
  • Haidar I ibn Musa..................................1706 - 1732
  • Mulhim II ibn Haidar I.............................1732 - 1754
  • al-Mansur ibn Haidar I.............................1754 - 1770 with...
  • Ahmad ibn Haidar I.................................1758 - 1770 with...
  • al-Qasim ibn Umar (in rebellion)..........................1760
  • Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II (1st time).................1770 - 1778 d. 1790
  • Ahmad IV ibn Mulhim II.............................1778 - 1780 with...
  • Afandi ibn Mulhim II...............................1778 - 1780
  • Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II (2nd time).................1780 - 1789
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (1st time)..................1789 - 1790 d. 1840
  • Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II (3rd time)........................1790
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (2nd time).........................1790
  • Haidar II ibn Mulhim II............................1790 - 1793 with...
  • Qaädan ibn Muhammad (1st time).....................1790 - 1793
  • al-Husein ibn Yusuf (1st time)............................1793 with...
  • Salim ibn Yusuf (1st time)................................1793 and...
  • Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf (1st time)..........................1793 d. c. 1800
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (3rd time)..................1793 - 1795
  • al-Husein ibn Yusuf (2nd time)............................1795 with...
  • Salim ibn Yusuf (2nd time)................................1795 and...
  • Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf (2nd time)..........................1795
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (4th time)..................1795 - 1799
  • al-Husein ibn Yusuf (3rd time).....................1799 - 1800 with...
  • Salim ibn Yusuf (3rd time).........................1799 - 1800 and...
  • Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf (3rd time)...................1799 - 1800
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (5th time)..................1800 - 1801
  • al-Abbas ibn Asaad (1st time).............................1801 d. c. 1822
  • Qaädan ibn Muhammad (2nd time)............................1801 with...
  • Salman ibn Ahmad (1st time)...............................1801 d. c. 1822
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (6th time)..................1801 - 1821
  • al-Hasan ibn Ali (1st time)...............................1821 with...
  • Salman ibn Ahmad (2nd time)...............................1821
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (7th time)..................1821 - 1822
  • al-Hasan ibn Ali (2nd time)...............................1822 with...
  • Salman ibn Ahmad (3rd time)...............................1822
  • al-Abbas ibn Asaad (2nd time).............................1822
  • Bashir II ibn al-Qasim (8th time)..................1822 - 1840
  • From 1798–1835, Mustafa Agha Barbar ruled as governor of Tripoli on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
• Egypt (Muhammad Ali - Khedivate Dynasty).........27 May 1832 - 08 Oct 1840
• Ottoman Empire...................................08 Oct 1840 - 16 Aug 1860
  • Bashir III..................................08 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 d.1851
• Ottoman governors
  • Mustapha Pasha............................................1842
  • Omar Pasha................................................1842
  • Mohammed Pasha.....................................1842 - ?
  • Assad Pasha.......................................... ? - 1845
  • Wahaji Pasha.......................................1845 - 1847
  • Wamiq Pasha Amin...................................1847 - ?
  • Ahmad Pasha
  • Kurshid Pasha........................................ ? - 1860
  • Fuad Pasha.........................................1860 - 1861 opposing...
• France...........................................16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861
  • Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul...16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861
• Ottoman Empire...................................05 Jul 1861 - 1918
  • Governors (mutassarifs) of Mount Lebanon
  • Daoud Efendi Pasha.............................Jun 1861 - May 1868
  • Franko Kusa Nasri Pasha........................Jun 1868 - 02 Feb 1873
  • Rüstem Pasha...................................Mar 1873 - Mar 1882
  • Wassa (or Vasa) Pasha.......................09 May 1883 - 26 Jun 1892
  • Duhani Naum Nimetullah Pasha................15 Aug 1892 - 02 Aug 1902
  • Muzaffar Pasha (Wladyslaw Czajkowski) ......27 Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907
  • Franco Kusa Yusuf Pasha........................Jul 1907 - Dec 1912
  • Yohannes Kuyumjian Pasha....................23 Dec 1912 - Sep 1915
  • Yegenaga Ali Münif Bey......................25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916
  • Ismail Haqqi Bey...............................May 1916 - Aug 1918
  • Mümtaz Bey..................................15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918
  • Omar al-Dauk................................30 Sep 1918 - 07 Oct 1918
• Great Britain..................................................1918
• Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920
• France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943
• Lebanon sequence afterwards...

• TYRE
• Tyre, as the primary Phoenician port, was an extremely important city and the primary source of the purple dye used throughout the classical world. The seven-month siege that it took Alexander the Great to conquer the place is also legendary.
• Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic tales.
• Agenor.........................................................c. 1500 ?
• Phoenix
• Eri-Aku (Herakles).............................................1400's
• Eri Aku may be the model for such figures as the Greek Heracles, the Biblical Arioch king of Ellaser, and the
• Homeric Erichthonius king of Troy and Pontus.
• Abimilki.......................................................1300's
• Aribas.........................................................fl. c. 1230
• Baal-Termeg....................................................fl. c. 1220
• Baal...........................................................c. 1193
• Pummay................................................c.1163 - 1125
• Unknown Rulers
• Phoenician State
• Abibaal..................................................990 - 978
• Hiram I the Great........................................978 - 944
• Baal-Eser I..............................................944 - 927
• Abdastratus..............................................927 - 918
• Methusastartus...........................................918 - 906
• Astarymus................................................906 - 897
• Phelles..................................................897 - 896
• Eshbaal I................................................896 - 863
• Baal-Eser II.............................................863 - 829
• Mattan I.................................................829 - 820
• Pygmalion................................................820 - 774
• Unknown Ruler 774-750.
• Eshbaal II...............................................750 - 739
• Hiram II.................................................739 - 730/29
• Mattan II.............................................730/29 - 729
• Elulaios.................................................729 - 694
• Abd Melqart..............................................694 - 680
• Baal I...................................................680 - 660
• Unknown Rulers 660-590
• Eshbaal III............................................591/0 - 573/2
• Babylon..................................................573 - 539
  • Baal II...........................................573/2 - 564
  • Yakinbaal...........................................564 - 564/3
  • In the 560's the monarchy was overthrown and a oligarchic government established, headed by "judges" or shoftim (cf. Carthage).
  • Shoftim of Tyre
  • Chelbes...........................................564/3 - 563
  • Abbar...............................................563 - 562
  • Mattan (III)........................................562 - 556 with...
  • Ger-Asthari.........................................562 - 556
  • Baal-Eser III.......................................556 - 555
  • Mahar-Baal..........................................555 - 551
  • The monarchy was restored with the ascension of Hiram III to the throne.
  • Hiram III...........................................551 - 532
• Persia...................................................539 - 420
  • Unknown Rulers
  • Mattan IV....................................fl. c. 490 - 480
  • Unknown Rulers
  • Boulomenus................................................fl. c. 450
  • Unknown Rulers
  • Abdemon..........................................c. 420 - 411
• (Cypriot) Salamis........................................411 - 374
• Persia...................................................374 - 332
  • Unknown Rulers
  • Eugoras (grandson of Salamis King)........................fl. 340's
  • Azemilki Straton.................................c. 340 - 332
• Macedon..................................................332 - 323
  • Abdalonymus (also in Sidon).........................332 - ?
• Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301
• Egypt....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - c. 140
• Aristocratic Republic.................................c. 140 - 64
• Roman Republic............................................64 - 27
  • Marion....................................................c. 42
• Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661
• Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1124
• Jerusalem...............................................1124 - 1244
  • MONTFERRAT
  • Conrad.............................................1188 - 1192
  • CHAMPAGNE
  • Henry (II of Champagne)............................1192 - 1198
  • de LUSIGNAN
  • Amalric (II of Jerusalem)..........................1198 - 1205
  • de MONTFORT
  • Philip (and Lord of Toron).........................1229 - 1268
  • John (and Lord of Toron)...........................1268 - 1283
  • Humphrey...........................................1283 - 1284
  • Margarete (female).................................1284 - c. 1291
  • Roupen (titular 1291-1313).........................1284 - 1291
  • Amaury (Amalric of Lusignan; titular only).........1290 - 1310
• To Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty) from 1244, and general Lebanese sequence thereafter...

• This list will focus on Beirut. For other important Lebanese communities in the region, see Sidon and Tyre and, at a much later period, Tripoli. This list finishes with an account of the modern Lebanese State, known as Beyryt (place of wells) to the Phoenicians and Berytus to the Greeks. Beirut was a center of trade from ancient times.
• Founded c.1600 BCE by Phoenicians of Byblos
• Independent c. 1400 BCE
• Unknown rulers
• Ammunira.......................................................c. 1300's BCE
• Abibal.........................................................fl. c. 1250
• Unknown rulers
• Tyre.................................................c. 1000 - 609 BCE
• Egypt....................................................609 - 605
• Babylonia................................................605 - 539
• Persia...................................................539 - 332
• Macedon..................................................332 - 323
• The Kingdom of Antigonus.................................323 - 301
• Egypt....................................................301 - 198
• Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - 68
• Roman Republic............................................68 - 27
• Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE
• Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 612
• On 09 July 551, Beirut city till Tripoli were destroyed by earthquake and tsunami and rebuilt with the help of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It triggered a devastating tsunami which affected the coastal towns of Phoenicia, causing great destruction and sinking many ships. Overall large numbers of people were reported killed, with one estimate of 30,000 by Antoninus of Piacenza for Beirut alone.
• Persia...................................................612 - 628
• Byzantine Empire.........................................628 - 638
• Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661
• Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868
• Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905
• Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935
• Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969
• Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1071
• Seljuqs.................................................1071 - 1110
• Jerusalem...............................................1110 - 1187
  • de GUINES Lords of Beirut.
  • Fulk...............................................1110 - ?
  • Peter
  • Walter I Brisebarre................................1125 - 1166
  • COMNENUS
  • Andronicus (Byz. Emperor 1183-85)..................1166 - 1166/7 d. 1185
  • de GUINES
  • Walter II........................................1166/7 - 1178
  • Walter III......................................c. 1178 - c. 1187
• Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty).................................1187 - 1197
• Jerusalem...............................................1197 - 1244
  • d'IBELIN
  • John I the Old (also Lord of Nablus)...............1197 - 1236
  • Balian (Lord of Nablus and Sidon)..................1236 - 1247
  • Tripoli............................................1244 - 1292
  • John II............................................1247 - 1264
  • Isabelle (female)..................................1264 - c. 1283
  • Eschiva (female)................................c. 1283 - 1292 d. 1312
• Egypt (Bahri Mamluq)....................................1292 - 1390
• Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1390 - 1516
• Ottoman Empire..........................................1516 - 1918
• In 1516, Syria and Egypt fell to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. Ma'anid and Shihabi Emirs are listed under Tripoli (1516-1842). Beirut was a separate vilayet 1875-1918. In 1535, Signature of treaty by Suleiman the Magnificent and Francois I, King of France, giving France favors and privileges in the Levant.
  • Ottoman Walis of Beirut
  • Uzenetek Ali Beg...................................1875 - 1877
  • Rauf Efendi (Rauf Pasha)...........................1877 - 1879
  • Ibrahim Pasha......................................1880 - 1883
  • Nassuhi Bey........................................1883 - 1887
  • Örfi Pasazade Sarabçi Ali Pasha................Dec 1887 - Mar 1889
  • Mehmed Sherif Rauf Pasha.......................Apr 1889 – Jul 1889
  • Ahmed Aziz Pasha...............................Jul 1889 - Dec 1891
  • Vlora Ismail Kemal Bey.........................Apr 1891 - Jul 1892
  • Babanzade Khalil Khalid Bey....................Jul 1892 - Aug 1894
  • Abdulhalik Nasuhi Bey..........................Aug 1894 - Mar 1897
  • Huseyni Nazim Pash.............................Mar 1897 - Jul 1897
  • Reshid Mumtaz Bey..............................Jul 1897 – Sep 1903
  • Ibrahim Halil Pasha............................Sep 1903 - Dec 1908
  • Dirvana Ibrahim Edhem Bey......................Dec 1908 - May 1910
  • Mehmed Nureddin Bey............................May 1910 - Sep 1911
  • Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran (1st time).........Sep 1911 - Aug 1912
  • Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran (2nd time).........Jan 1913 - Sep 1913
  • Ali Munif Bey..................................Jun 1913 - Sep 1913
  • Bekir Sami Bey.....................................1913 – 1915
  • Akalin Mustafa Azim Bey........................Jun 1915 - Jun 1918
  • Muftuzade Ismail Hakki Bey.....................Jun 1918 - 30 Sep 1918
• Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920
  • Head of Government
  • Muhammad Said al-Jazairi..................................30 Sep 1918
  • Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi....................30 Sep 1918 - 05 Oct 1918
  • Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali..................05 Oct 1918 - 08 Mar 1920
  • al-Hashemi
  • Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali (continued)......08 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920
  • On 23 October 1916 at Hamra in the Wadi Safra, the first encounter took place between Faisal and Captain Thomas Edward Lawrence, a relatively junior British intelligence officer from Cairo. Lawrence already had a vision of an independent post-war Arabian state, and knew it was essential to find precisely the right man to lead the Arab forces to achieve this. Faisal also worked with the Allies during World War I in their conquest of Greater Syria and the capture of Damascus, where he became part of a new Arab government in 1918. Faisal was made for a short time King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria (or Greater Syria) in 1920, and later he became the King of the Kingdom of Iraq from 1921 to 1933.
  • Acting head of State
  • Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha..................28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920
  • Jamil al-Ulshi..............................06 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920
  • French Military Governors
  • Marie Antoine Philpin de Piépape............08 Oct 1918 - Nov 1918
  • Hamelin........................................Nov 1918 - 1919 ?
  • François Georges Barb............................1919 ? - 01 Sep 1920
• France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943
• The French General Gouraud announced a declaration by France of the independence of Lebanon on September 01, 1920. He outlined the nation's boundaries to include the area from Ras-al-Naqurah (Naqurah peninsula) in the South to Nahr-el-Kabir (The Large River) in the North and from the summits of the Anti-Lebanon mountain in the East to the Mediterranean sea in the West. This was the first time Lebanon had these boundaries and was called The State of Greater Lebanon. Constitution in force: 23 May 1926.
  • French Governors
  • Albert Trabaud..............................01 Sep 1920 - Apr 1923
  • Privat-Aubouard (interim)......................Apr 1923 - 27 Jun 1924
  • Charles Alexis Vandenberg...................27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925
  • Léon Henri Charles Cayla....................13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926
  • Provisional till 16 July 1925.
  • Charles Debbas (honorary President).........26 May 1926 - 01 Sep 1926
  • Presidents - Lebanese Republic
  • Charles Debbas (continue)...................01 Sep 1926 - 02 Jan 1934
  • Antoine Privat-Aubouard (acting)............02 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934
  • Habib Pacha Es-Saad.........................30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936
  • Émile Eddé (1st time).......................20 Jan 1936 - 04 Apr 1941
  • Pierre Georges Arlabosse (acting)...........04 Apr 1941 - 09 Apr 1941
  • Alfred Georges Naccache.....................09 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943
  • He served as acting Preident till 01 Dec 1941. Independence from France declared (Lebanese Republic) on 26 Nov 1941.
  • Ayub Thabit (acting)........................19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943
  • Petro Trad..................................22 Jul 1943 - 20 Sep 1943
  • Béchara Khalil El-Khoury (1st time).........21 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943
  • Émile Eddé (2nd time).......................11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943

• French High Commissioner for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia) [headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon]
• François Georges Picot..............................Oct 1918 - 26 Nov 1919
• French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
• French High Commissioners
• Henri-Joseph-Eugène Gouraud......................26 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922
• Robert de Caix (acting)..........................23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923
• Maxime Weygand...................................19 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924
• Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail....................29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925
• Baron Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins...............23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926
• Auguste Henri Ponsot................................Aug 1926 - Jul 1933
• Damien de Martel, comte de Martel................16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939
• Gabriel Puaux.......................................Jan 1939 - Nov 1940
• Jean Chiappe (did not take office)...............24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940
• Henri Fernand Dentz..............................06 Dec 1940 - 16 Jun 1941
• Delegates-general
• Georges Albert-Julien Catroux....................24 Jun 1941 - 07 Jun 1943
• He was also chief of Free French in Levant states.
• Jean Helleu......................................07 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943
• Yves Chataigneau.................................23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944
• Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet..................23 Jan 1944 - 01 Sep 1946

• British Military Commander
• Henry "Jumbo" Maitland Wilson....................21 Jun 1941 - 1945
• British Resident Ministers for Lebanon and Syria
• Sir Edward L. Spears (1st time) .................25 Mar 1943 - 1944
• Walter Edward Guinness, Lord Moyne...............28 Jan 1944 - 06 Nov 1944
• Sir Edward L. Spears (2nd time).........................1944 - 1945
• Sir Terence Allen Shone.................................1945 - 1946

• Independent Presidents - Lebanese Republic
• Béchara Khalil El-Khoury (2nd time)..............22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952
• On 22 Nov 1943, France recognized the independence.
• Fouad Abdallah Chehab (1st time - acting)........18 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1952
• Camille Nimer Chamoun............................23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958
• Fouad Abdallah Chehab (2nd time).................23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964
• Charles Alexandre Hélou..........................23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970
• Suleiman Kabalan Franjieh........................23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976
• Although the Government of Lebanon retains international recognition as a sovereign entity, it needs to be noted that since 1975, the country has been occupied by a large number of foreign military organizations (notably the Israeli Army in the south until 2000, the Syrian Army in the east, and many different terrorist and/or nationalist groups in the center and the south since 2000).  The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 and resulted in an estimated 150,000 to 230,000 civilian fatalities. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded, and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. Taif Agreement (Christian 6:5 ascendancy replaced by 1:1 representation Muslim prime-ministerial powers strengthened), PLO expulsion from Lebanon, Syrian de facto occupation almost all Lebanon (1976–2005) with 30,000 soldiers and Israeli occupation of South Lebanon were the aftermath of this war.
• In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese army began to break up. Major Saad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south that had been part of the Army of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA was initially based in the towns of Marjayoun and Qlayaa in southern Lebanon, later known as SLA. South Lebanon Army (SLA) was supported by Israel during the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict to fight against various groups including the Amal Movement, Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and Hezbollah. SLA was no longer under the direct control of the Lebanese army, but from 1976-1979 its members were still paid as Lebanese soldiers by the government.
• Elias Sarkis.....................................23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982
• The Israeli-Lebanese conflict started on 06 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defence Minister Ariel Sharon invaded southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee" started the Lebanese civil war. On 14 September 1982, Bachir Gemayel, the newly elected President of Lebanon, was assassinated by Habib Shartouni of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as the Phalangists, were allied with Israel. The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, claiming there was a remaining force of approximately "2000 PLO terrorists" in the camps. The result was the Sabra and Shatila massacre in which at least 800 civilians were killed by the Phalangists between September 16 and September 18, 1982. Various forces (Israeli, Phalangist and possibly SLA) were in the vicinity. The actual killers were "the Young Men", a gang (Kataeb Party militia) recruited by Elie Hobeika, the Lebanese Forces intelligence chief, from men who had been expelled from the Lebanese Forces for insubordination or criminal activities. The massacre took place under Hobeika's direct orders. Hobeika's family and fiancée had been murdered by Palestinian militiamen at the Damour massacre of 1976. Hobeika later became a long-serving Member of the Parliament of Lebanon and served in several ministerial roles. On 17 May 1983, Lebanon's Amine Gemayel, Israel, and the United States signed an agreement text on Israeli withdrawal that was conditioned on the departure of Syrian troops; reportedly after the US and Israel exerted severe pressure on Gemayel. The agreement stated that "the state of war between Israel and Lebanon has been terminated and no longer exists." Thus, the agreement in effect amounted to a peace agreement with Israel, and was additionally seen by many Lebanese Muslims as an attempt for Israel to gain a permanent hold on the Lebanese South.
• Some parts Occupied by the PLO...................06 Jun 1982 - 17 May 1983
• After Palestine Liberation Organization founding in 1964 and the radicalization among Palestinians, which followed the Six Day War, the PLO became a powerful force, then centered in Jordan. The large influx of Palestinians from Jordan after “Black September” caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society and its democratic institutions established earlier by the National Pact. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the PLO in effect created an unofficial state-within-a-state, particularly in Southern Lebanon, which then played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. The PLO had around 15,000 – 18,000 fighters (of whom about 5,000–6,000 were alleged to be foreign mercenaries (or volunteers) from such countries as Libya, Iraq, India, Sri Lanka, Chad and Mozambique) and they were disposed as follows: 6,000 in the Beirut, Ba'abda and Damour area, 1,500 in Sidon, 1,000 between Sidon and Tyre, 1,500 in Tyre, 1,000 deployed from Nabatiyeh to Beaufort Castle, 2,000 in Fatahland, and around 1,000 in the UNIFIL Zone. PLO were were expulsed on 17 May 1983 from Lebanon.
• Amin Pierre Gemayel..............................23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988
• On 16 February 1985, Shia Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin declared a manifesto in Lebanon, announcing a resistance movement called Hezbollah, whose goals included combating the Israeli occupation. During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict the Hezbollah militia waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon and their South Lebanon Army proxies. Throughout the period of 1985-1992, there were very few limited exchanges between Israeli and Hezbollah or Amal forces in southern Lebanon.

• Presidents
• Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time - acting)..........23 Sep 1988 - 05 Nov 1989
• René Moawad......................................05 Nov 1989 - 22 Nov 1989
• Salim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time - acting)..........22 Nov 1989 - 24 Nov 1989
• Elias Hrawi......................................24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1998
• In 1992, Hezbollah won ten out of 128 seats in the Lebanese National Assembly. On 25 July 1993 Israel launched Operation Accountability, known in Lebanon as the Seven-Day War, in retaliation for attacks by both Hezbollah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command which had killed five soldiers in the security zone. Thousands of buildings were bombed, resulting in 120 dead and 300,000 displaced civilians. Israeli forces also destroyed infrastructure such as power stations and bridges. Hezbollah retaliated with rocket attacks on Israeli villages, though inflicting significantly fewer casualties. On 11 April 1996 Israel initiated Operation Grapes of Wrath, which Hezbollah calls the April War, subsequent to Hezbollah launching missiles into Israel, which was in turn a response to the killing of two Lebanese by an IDF missile, and the killing of Lebanese boy by a road-side bomb. Israel conducted massive air raids and extensive shelling in southern Lebanon. 106 Lebanese died in the shelling of Qana, when a UN compound was hit in an Israeli shelling. The conflict ended on 26 April 1996 with the Israeli-Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding in which both Hezbollah and Israel agreed to forgo attacks on civilians. From 1985 through 2000, Israel continued to fund the South Lebanon Army.
• Émile Geamil Lahoud..............................24 Nov 1998 - 23 Nov 2007
• In January 2000, Hezbollah assassinated the man responsible for day to day South Lebanon Army (SLA) operations, Colonel Akel Hashem. The Israeli Air Force, in apparent response, on 07 February struck Lebanon's civilian infrastructure, including power stations at Baalbek, Deir Nbouh and Jambour. Eighteen people were reported to have been injured. Following its declaration of intent to implement UNSC Resolution 425 on 01 April 1998, and after the collapse of the South Lebanon Army in the face of a Hezbollah onslaught, Israel declared 24 May 2000 that they would withdraw to their side of the UN designated border, the Blue Line, 22 years after the resolution had been approved. The South Lebanon Army's equipment and positions largely fell into the hands of Hezbollah. Lebanon celebrates 25 May, Liberation Day, as a national holiday. The Syrian presence ended in 2005, due to UN resolution 1559, after the Rafiq Hariri assassination and the March 14 protests.
• On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks into Israeli towns and cities in proximity to the Israeli Lebanese border. This was combined with a cross border raid into Israeli territory where Hezbollah operatives killed three Israeli soldiers and captured a further two. Hezbollah claims that the objectives of the operation were to free Lebanese prisoners held in Israel. Israel responded with airstrikes and a ground incursion into Lebanon aimed at halting Hezbollah's rocket fire, reducing Hezbollah's military capacity and rescuing the two abducted Israeli soldiers. The 34 day campaign caused wide spread damage to Lebanon's infrastructure (including Beirut's airport). Beirut's southern suburb was heavily damaged by Israeli airstrikes where Hezbollah military infrastructure was deeply embedded among the civilian population. The conflict officially ended on 14 August 2006, when the United Nations Security Council issued resolution 1701 ordering a ceasefire between Hezbollah and Israel.
• Fouad Siniora (acting)...........................24 Nov 2007 - 25 May 2008
• When Émile Lahoud's presidential term ended in October 2007, the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power-sharing deal was reached, leaving Lebanon without a president. On 9 May 2008, Hezbollah and Amal forces, sparked by a government declaration that Hezbollah's communications network was illegal, seized western Beirut in Lebanon's worst internal violence since the 1975–90 civil war. Moreover, the violence, decried by the Lebanese government as an attempted coup, threatened to escalate into another civil war. At least 62 people died in the resulting clashes between pro-government and opposition militias. On 21 May 2008, after five days of negotiation under Arab League mediation in Qatar, all major parties signed the Doha Agreement, which ended the fighting. Under the accord, both sides agreed to elect former army head Michel Suleiman president and establish a national unity government with a veto share for the opposition. This ended 18 months of political paralysis. The agreement was a victory for opposition forces, who received concessions regarding the composition of the cabinet, Hezbollah's telecommunications network, and the airport security chief, increasing their political clout.
• Michel Suleiman..................................25 May 2008 - 24 May 2014
• In early January 2011, the national unity government collapsed after all ten opposition ministers and one presidential appointee resigned due to tensions stemming from the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, which was expected to indict Hezbollah members in the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri. The collapse plunged Lebanon into its worst political crisis since the 2008 fighting, and indicated further political gains for the Hezbollah-led opposition March 8 Alliance, which gained a parliamentary majority. The parliament elected Najib Mikati, the 8 March candidate, Prime Minister of Lebanon, making him responsible for forming a new government.
• Tammam Saeb Salam (acting).......................25 May 2014 - 31 Oct 2016
• Michel Naim Aoun.................................31 Oct 2016 - date
• He was elected president on 31 October 2016 on the 46th electoral session of the Lebanese parliament. Lebanon had been without a head of state, after President Michel Suleiman stepped down as president at the end of his term in May 2014, resulting in a deadlock as the Parliament failed to elect a successor for 29 months and 45 previous parliamentary sessions did not achieve the necessary quorum for a presidential ballot. On 19 December 2019, President Michel Aoun designates Hassan Diab as prime minister. On 31 August 2020, President Michel Aoun designates Mustapha Adib to form a new government. On 26 September 2020, Prime minister-designate Mustapha Adib says he is unable to form a government.

• President of the Administrative Council
• Habib Pacha Es-Saad..............................01 Oct 1918 - 07 Oct 1918
• President of the Representative Council
• Habib Pacha Es-Saad..............................08 May 1922 - 31 May 1926
• Prime ministers
• From 23 May 1926 According to the National Compact the President of the Republic is a Maronite Christian elected for six years from the Parliament; he is not immediately re-eligible. The Prime minister is a Sunni Muslim. The Compact was renewed 12 Aug 1989.
• Auguste Adib Pacha (1st time)....................31 May 1926 - 05 May 1927
• Béchara Khalil El-Khoury.........................05 May 1927 - 10 Aug 1928
• Habib Pacha Es-Saad..............................10 Aug 1928 - 09 May 1929
• Béchara Khalil El-Khoury (2nd time)..............09 May 1929 - 11 Oct 1929
• Émile Eddé.......................................11 Oct 1929 - 25 Mar 1930
• Auguste Adib Pacha...............................25 Mar 1930 - 09 Mar 1932
• Charles Dabbas...................................09 Mar 1932 - 29 Jan 1934
• Abdullah Bayhum (1st time - acting)..............29 Mar 1934 - 30 Jan 1936
• Ayub Thabit (1st time - acting)..................30 Jan 1936 - 05 Jan 1937
• Khayreddin al-Ahdab..............................05 Jan 1937 - 18 Mar 1938
• Amir Khalid Chehab (1st time)....................18 Mar 1938 - 24 Oct 1938
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (1st time).................24 Oct 1938 - 21 Sep 1939
• Abdullah Bayhum (2nd time).......................21 Sep 1939 - 04 Apr 1941
• Alfred Georges Naccache..........................07 Apr 1941 - 26 Nov 1941
• Ahmed Daouk (1st time)...........................01 Dec 1941 - 26 Jul 1942
• Sami as-Solh (1st time)..........................26 Jul 1942 - 22 Mar 1943
• Ayub Thabit (2nd time - acting)..................22 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943
• Petro Trad.......................................01 Aug 1943 - 25 Sep 1943
• Riad as-Solh (1st time)..........................25 Sep 1943 - 10 Jan 1945
• Abdul Hamid Karami...............................10 Jan 1945 - 20 Aug 1945
• Sami as-Solh (2nd time)..........................23 Aug 1945 - 22 May 1946
• Saadi al-Munla...................................22 May 1946 - 14 Dec 1946
• Riad as-Solh (2nd time)..........................14 Dec 1946 - 14 Feb 1951
• Hussein al-Oweini (1st time).....................14 Feb 1951 - 07 Apr 1951
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (2nd time).................07 Apr 1951 - 11 Feb 1952
• Sami as-Solh (3rd time)..........................11 Feb 1952 - 09 Sep 1952
• Nazim al-Akkari..................................10 Sep 1952 - 14 Sep 1952
• Saeb Salam (1st time)............................14 Sep 1952 - 18 Sep 1952
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (3rd time).................24 Sep 1952 - 30 Sep 1952
• Khalid Chehab (2nd time).........................01 Oct 1952 - 01 May 1953
• Saeb Salam (2nd time)............................01 May 1953 - 13 Aug 1953
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (4th time).................16 Aug 1953 - 16 Sep 1954
• Sami as-Solh (4th time)..........................16 Sep 1954 - 19 Sep 1955
• Rashid Karami (1st time).........................19 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (5th time).................20 Mar 1956 - 18 Nov 1956
• Sami as-Solh (5th time)..........................27 Nov 1956 - 20 Sep 1958
• Khalid al-Hibri (acting).........................20 Sep 1958 - 24 Sep 1958
• Rashid Karami (2nd time).........................24 Sep 1958 - 14 May 1960
• Ahmed Daouk (2nd time)...........................14 May 1960 - 01 Aug 1960
• Saeb Salam (3rd time)............................02 Aug 1960 - 31 Oct 1961
• Rashid Karami (3rd time).........................31 Oct 1961 - 20 Feb 1964
• Hussein al-Oweini (2nd time).....................20 Feb 1964 - 25 Jul 1965
• Rashid Karami (4th time).........................25 Jul 1965 - 09 Apr 1966
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (6th time).................09 Apr 1966 - 02 Dec 1966
• Rashid Karami (5th time).........................07 Dec 1966 - 08 Feb 1968
• Abdullah Aref al-Yafi (7th time).................08 Feb 1968 - 15 Jan 1969
• Rashid Karami (6th time).........................15 Jan 1969 - 13 Oct 1970
• Saeb Salam (4th time)............................13 Oct 1970 - 25 Apr 1973
• Amin al-Hafez....................................25 Apr 1973 - 21 Jun 1973
• Takieddin as-Solh (1st time).....................21 Jun 1973 - 31 Oct 1974
• Rashid as-Solh (1st time)........................31 Oct 1974 - 24 May 1975
• Nureddin Rifai...................................24 May 1975 - 30 Jun 1975
• Rashid Karami (7th time).........................01 Jul 1975 - 08 Dec 1976
• Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (1st time)...................08 Dec 1976 - 20 Jul 1980
• Takieddin as-Solh (2nd time).....................20 Jul 1980 - 25 Oct 1980
• Shafiq al-Wazzan.................................25 Oct 1980 - 30 Apr 1984
• Rashid Karami (8th time).........................30 Apr 1984 - 01 Jun 1987
• Selim Ahmed al-Hoss (2nd time)...................01 Jun 1987 - 24 Dec 1990
• Michel Naïm Aoun.................................23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990
• General Michel Naïm Aoun chaired a military cabinet in dissidence from 23 Sep 1988 - 13 Oct 1990 and also claimed to be the acting president.
• Omar Karami (1st time)...........................24 Dec 1990 - 13 May 1992
• Rashid as-Solh (2nd time)........................13 May 1992 - 31 Oct 1992
• Rafiq Bahaeddine al-Hariri (1st time)............31 Oct 1992 - 06 Dec 1998 
• Sélim Ahmed al-Hoss (3rd time)...................06 Dec 1998 - 23 Oct 2000
• Rafiq Bahaeddine al-Hariri (2nd time)............23 Oct 2000 - 21 Oct 2004
• Omar Karami (2nd time)...........................21 Oct 2004 - 19 Apr 2005
• Najib Azmi Mikati (1st time).....................19 Apr 2005 - 19 Jul 2005
• Fouad Siniora....................................19 Jul 2005 - 09 Nov 2009
• Saad El-Din Rafik Al-Hariri (1st time)...........09 Nov 2009 - 13 Jun 2011
• Najib Azmi Mikati (2nd time).....................13 Jun 2011 - 15 Feb 2014
• On 22 March 2013, Mikati resigned from office and the Lebanese president accepted his resignation on 23 March 2013. Mikati therefore has become acting Prime Minister since 23 March 2013. On 06 April 2013, Tammam Saeb Salam was tasked to form a new government.
• Tammam Saeb Salam................................15 Feb 2014 - 18 Dec 2016
• Saad El-Din Rafik Al-Hariri (2nd time)...........18 Dec 2016 - 21 Jan 2020
• He is the second son of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, who was assassinated in 2005. Hariri has also been the leader of the Future Movement party since 2005. He is seen as the strongest figurehead of the "March 14 Alliance". After three years living overseas, he returned to Lebanon on 08 August 2014 and he was designated Prime Minister on 03 November 2016. Hariri's surprise resignation on 04 November 2017 in a televised statement from Saudi Arabia, was widely seen as part of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict in Lebanon and triggered a dispute between Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Hariri tendered his resignation from office, citing Iran’s and Hezbollah's political over-extension in the Middle East region and fears of assassination. Iran vehemently rejected Saad Hariri's remarks and called his resignation part of a plot by the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia to heighten Middle Eastern tensions. He rescinds his resignation on 05 December 2017. On 31 January 2019, a new government is named under Prime Minister Saad Hariri, including Elias Bou Saab as defense minister and Raya al-Hassan as interior minister; Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil and Finance Minister Ali Hassan Khalil keep their posts. On 15 February 2019, Saad Hariri's government wins a confidence vote in parliament (111-6). On 29 October, Prime Minister Saad Hariri resigns. On 30 October, President Michel Aoun asks the cabinet to continue in a caretaker role until a new government is formed.
• Hassan Diab......................................21 Jan 2020 - date
• On 21 January 2020, the new government led by Hassan Diab is appointed with Nassif Hitti as foreign minister, Zeina Akar as defense minister, Mohammad Fahmi as interior minister, and Ghazi Wazni as finance minister. Diab served as the Lebanese Minister of Education from 2011 to 2014, under President Michel Suleiman. On 11 February 2020, Prime Minister Hassan Diab's government wins a confidence vote in parliament (63-20, 44 absent). On 03 August 2020, Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti resigns and Charbel Wehbe is appointed to replace him. On 10 August 2002, Finance Minister Ghazi Wazni resigns. Later in the day Prime Minister Hassan Diab announces the resignation of his government in the wake of the explosions in Beirut, (Ammonium nitrate explosion on 04 August 2020 at 18:08:18) mounting political pressure that was exacerbated by the event, that killed at least 200 people. On 22 October 2020, President Michel Aoun designates Saad Hariri as prime minister.

 30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949  Israeli troops occupy 13 villages in a strip of land around 
                             (and including) the Lebanese town of Houla near the 
                             Israeli-Lebanese border as part of the operation capturing
                             Galilee in the 1948-1949 Arab-Israeli War.
               14 Mar 1978  First Israeli invasion, resulting in the creation of an 
                             occupied zone run by an Israeli allied Christian militia 
                             referred to as the "Free Lebanon Army."
               19 Mar 1978  UNIFIL established, first troops arrive in Lebanon on
                            23 March 1978.
               13 Jun 1978  Israel withdraws (most of) its troops from southern Lebanon.
               18 Apr 1979  Hadad declares independence (Free Republic of Lebanon).
                  May 1980  Free Lebanon Army renamed as the Army of South Lebanon (South 
                             Lebanese Army [SLA]).
               06 Jun 1982  Second Israeli invasion; South Lebanese security zone formally
                             created by Israel. The pro-Israeli Christian Army of South
                             Lebanon (South Lebanese Army [SLA]) established.
        1983 – 1985         Israel withdraws its troops to a (South Lebanese) security                                  zone in southern Lebanon that was formally established by  
                             Israel, the Zone is patrolled by the IDF and SLA.
               01 Jun 1999  Israel withdraws from Jezzine.
               22 May 2000  Israel evacuates southern Lebanon, the SLA dissolves. 
 22 Jul 2006 - 01 Oct 2006  Third Israeli invasion, resulting in the capture of 
                             number of villages in southern Lebanon.

• Commanders of the Army of South Lebanon (also heads of government of "Free Lebanon") - Capital: Marjayoun.
• Saad Haddad......................................18 Apr 1979 - 15 Jan 1984 d. 1984
• Antoine Lahad....................................15 Jan 1984 - 23 May 2000 d. 2015
• Executive Director of Government of Free Lebanon in Exile
• Nagi N. Najjar..........................................2000 - date

• Israeli Commanders of the Lebanon Liaison Unit
• Yoram Hamizrachi.......................................1978 - 1980 d. 2010
• Ephraim Sneh.......................................Nov 1981 - Dec 1982
• Meir Dagan (1st time)..................................1980 - 1981 d. 2016
• David Maimon..................................................1982 d. 2010
• Meir Dagan (2nd time)..............................Dec 1982 - Apr 1984
• Shlomo Ilya........................................Apr 1984 - Apr 1985
• Daniel Rothschild..................................Apr 1985 - Aug 1986
• David Agmon........................................Aug 1986 - Jun 1988
• Zeev Zakharin......................................Jun 1988 - Feb 1991
• Micha Tamir........................................Feb 1991 - Oct 1992
• Gabi Ashkenazi.....................................Oct 1992 - Jul 1994
• Giora Inbar........................................Jul 1994 - Jun 199
• Eli Amitai (1st time)..............................Jun 1996 - Feb 1998
• Erez Gerstein......................................Feb 1998 - 28 Feb 1999 d. 1999
• Eli Amitai (acting - 2nd time)................................1999
• Benny Gantz............................................1999 - May 2000

• Israeli Military Governors (commanders of Israel Northern Command)
• Avigdor Ben Gal.........................................1977 - 1981
• Amir Drori..............................................1981 - 1983         
• Uri Or..................................................1983 - 1986
• Yossi Peled.............................................1986 - 1991
• Yitzhak Mordechai.......................................1991 - 1994
• Amiram Levin............................................1994 - 1998  
• Gabi Ashkenazi..........................................1998 - 2000
• Udi Adam.........................................22 Jul 2006 - 01 Oct 2006   

• United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) - Headquarters: Naqoura
• Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
• Emmanuel A. Erskine (Ghana).....................23 Mar 1978 - Feb 1981
• William Callaghan (Ireland)........................Feb 1981 - May 1986 d. 2015
• Johan Gustav Hägglund (Finland)....................Jun 1986 - Jun 1988
• Lars Eric Wahlgren (Sweden)........................Jul 1988 - Feb 1993 d. 1999
• Trond Furuhovde (Norway)........................23 Feb 1993 - 01 Apr 1995 d. 2006
• Stanisław Franciszek Woźniak (Poland)...........01 Apr 1995 - 30 Sep 1997
• Jioji "George" Konousi Konrote (Fiji)...........01 Oct 1997 - 30 Sep 1999
• James Sreenan (Ireland)(acting).................30 Sep 1999 - 01 Dec 1999
• Seth Kofi Obeng (Ghana).........................01 Dec 1999 - 15 May 2001
• Ganesan Athmanathan (India)(acting).............15 May 2001 - 17 Aug 2001
• Lalit Mohan Tewari (India)......................17 Aug 2001 - 17 Feb 2004 d. 2004
• Alain Pellegrini (France).......................17 Feb 2004 - 17 Feb 2007
• Claudio Graziano (Italy)........................17 Feb 2007 - 28 Jan 2010
• Alberto Asarta Cuevas (Spain)...................28 Jan 2010 - 28 Jan 2012
• Paolo Serra (Italy).............................28 Jan 2012 - 24 Jul 2014
• Luciano Portolano (Italy).......................24 Jul 2014 - 19 Jul 2016
• Michael Beary (Ireland).........................19 Jul 2016 - 07 Aug 2018
• Stefano Del Col (Italy).........................07 Aug 2018 - date