The Sultanate
of Oman (formerly Muscat and Oman), an independent monarchy located in the
southeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Capital: Muscat. Oman was ruled
by Umayyads between 661-750, Abbasids between 750-931, 932-933 and 934-967,
Qarmatians between 931-932 and between 933-934, Buyids between 967-1053,
Seljuks of Kirman between 1053-1154. The economy is
based on agriculture, herding and petroleum. Petroleum products, dates, fish
and hides are exported. The Portuguese who captured Muscat, the capital and
chief port, in 1508, made the first European contact with Muscat and Oman.
They occupied the city, utilizing it as a naval base and factory and holding
it against land and sea attacks by Arabs and Persians until finally ejected
by local Arabs in 1650. It was next occupied by the Persians who maintained
control until 1741,when it was taken by Ahmed ibn Sa'id of the present
ruling family. Muscat and Oman was the most powerful state in Arabia during
the first half of the 19th century, until weakened by the persistent attack
of interior nomadic tribes. British influence, initiated by the signing of a
treaty of friendship with the Sultanate in 1798,remains a dominant fact of
the civil and military phases of the government, although Britain recognizes
the Sultanate as a sovereign state. Sultan Sa'id bin Taimur was overthrown
by his son, Qabus bin Sa'id, on July 23, 1970. The new sultan changed the
nation's name to Sultanate of Oman.
c.650 Kings of the Azd clan convert to
Islam.
661 - 1811/1821
Oman (Uman) ruled by the Ibadi community under a leader styled
Imam al-Muslimin, a member of the Azd clan.
697 - 748
Direct rule by the Caliph.
16 May 893 - 897
Direct rule by the Caliph.
931 - 932
Rule by the Karmatian heretics (Qaramita).
933 - 934
Rule by the Karmatian heretics (Qaramita).
943 - 951
Direct rule by the Caliph
972 - 1050
Rule by the Iranian Buyid dynasty.
1053 - 1154
Rule by the Saljuq Turks.
1154 - 1406
Ruled by Nabhani Kings (style Malik).
1443 - 1470
Ruled by Nabhani Kings.
01 Apr 1515 - 26 Jan 1650 Muscat a Portuguese possession (Mascate).
1550 - 1551
Muscat occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
1581 - 1588
Muscat occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
c.1600 - 1624
Ruled by Nabhani Kings.
1624 Imami rule restored, under
Ya`ariba lineage.
1741 - 1749
Muscat occupied by Persia.
10 Jun 1749 Al ´Bu Sa`id lineage accedes to the Imamate.
1784 While Imams rule continues,
Muscat and Oman becomes a de facto
sovereign state under a secular Al ´Bu Sa`id ruler.
1800 - 1801
Bahrain occupied by Muscat and Oman.
1792 - 08 Sep 1958 Gwadar (Gwadur),
port enclave in Baluchistan, part of Oman.
Ceded to Pakistan on 08 Sep 1958.
20 Mar 1820 First treaty with Britain.
14 Jul 1854 - 30 Nov 1967 Kuria Muria (Khuryan Muryan) Islands ceded
to U.K.
(from 1 Apr 1937 under Aden [Yemen] to 1963; from 1963 under
the chief political resident of the Persian Gulf
of the Persian Gulf [at Bahrain] [included the islands of
Hasikiya, Sawda, Hallaniya, and Qibliya]).
04 May 1855 Second treaty with Britain.
06 Apr 1861 Separation of Zanzibar from Oman and style Sultan recognized
(though not immediately in domestic
use) by U.K. mediation.
03 Oct 1868 Imams rule briefly restored.
30 Jan 1871 Sultanate of Muscat and Oman restored.
20 Mar 1891 - 02 Dec 1971 British protectorate over Muscat and Oman
(under the chief
political resident of the
Persian Gulf; see under Bahrain).
24 May 1913 - 11 Aug 1957 Imami government in the interior of Oman, usually
in
opposition to the sultan's rule.
09 Jun 1965 - 11 Dec 1975 Secessionist rebellion in Dhofar (Zufar).
09 Aug 1970 Sultanate of Oman
'AD
An ancient district in what is now southwestern
Oman, running from the sea up into the Dhofar Mountains and thence to the
edge of the Rub` al-Khali. In the highlands are to be found scattered groves
of the frankincense tree, source of what some regard as the finest of
aromatic incenses. The region may also be roughly the locale where camels
were first domesticated. 'Ad is known as the tribal Kingdom in which lay the
city of Ubar, a major transshipment point for the frankincense trade in
ancient times. Kingdom of 'Ad Existed as a tribal state from perhaps 900 BCE
to perhaps 500 CE. Claudius Ptolemy's (2nd Cent. CE) Geographos refers to
the place by a Hellenized version of the inhabitants of the chief city: the
Iobaritae (Ubar).
Ad ibn Kin'ad.........................................fl.
10th cent. BCE ?
Unknown rulers
al-Dahn ?
Khuljan...............................................fl.
4th or 3rd cent. BCE ?
Unknown rulers
Shaddad...............................................fl.
4th, 5th, or 6th cent. CE ?
Sometime between 300 and 600 CE the 'Adid state
seems to have crumbled, due in large measure to a natural catastrophe which
seems to have destroyed much of Ubar, but also owing to increasing pressure
from the Kingdom of Hadramaut (and after c. 290 CE, of Himyar) and, oddly
enough, the rise of Christianity (in which burial customs shifted, leaving a
far smaller market for frankincense).
The
Caliphate.........................................c. 650 - c. 1000
Local sheikhdoms and
petty emirates..................c. 1000 - c. 1500
Badr ibn Tuwariq...............................................fl.
c. 1500
In the immediate district there resides a local
tribe, the Shahra, who still collect frankincense, use among themselves a
language very different from Arabic, and regard themselves as a people to be
descendents of 'Ad.
Kingdom of Makan c.2200-c. 550 BCE. The
Sumerians referred to Oman as "Makan". It was a primary source of copper for
Mesopotamia throughout the Bronze Age. At this time the names of the kings
of Makan are mostly undocumented.
Himyar Azangadjar ben Abd
al-Shams....................c. 370 - c. 348
Malik ben Himyar......................................c.
348 - c. 320
--- ben
Malik.........................................c. 320 - c. 300
Saqsaq
Yasar
An-Numan
Asma
Shaddad ben Ad.................................................c. 200
Luqman ben Ad
Zu-Shadakh ben Ad
Persia after about c. 140 BCE
generally unknown
sequence.........................130's BCE - 635 CE
QALHAT
al-'AZDI
Malik ibn Fahm...........................................200's
CE ? followed by...
Honat ibn Malik and...
Selim ibn Malik
The region was inhabited by local
Semitic populations who formed several tribal Kingdoms (for example,
Ad), but otherwise left little mark. The area was no doubt heavily
influenced by successive Persian regimes, but periods of actual occupation
by Persia are difficult to trace.
Sporadic Persian occupations.............................3rd - 7th centuries
al-JULANDA
The al-Julanda were the
first Imams of the radical Ibadi-Khariji sect of Islam which held most of
the Omani interior for centuries. The Kharijis began as a fundamentalist
sect in Iraq which murdered the Caliph Ali and attempted to murder his
rival and successor, Mu'awiyah, because they rejected the premise that any
man could be a successor to the Prophet.
al-Julanda ibn al-Muntasir............................c.
600 - c. 630
Djafar ibn al-Julanda.................................c.
630 - c. 651 with...
Abbad I ibn al-Muntasir...............................c.
630 - c.640
Abbad
II..............................................c. 651 - c. 659
Shaykh Muhammed ibn al-Hasan al-Azdi
(1st time)..........897 - 898
Azzan ibn Hizr al-Maliki.................................898 - 899
Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Haddani.........................899 - 900
as-Salt ibn
al-Qasim...........................................900
Shaykh Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Azdi
(2nd time)................900
al-Hasan ibn Said al-Shahtani............................900 - 905
al-Hawari ibn Masraf al-Haddani..........................905 - 912
Umar ibn
Muhammad........................................912 - 931
Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Kindi..............................932 - 933
al-Haqim ibn al Mulla....................................933 - 935
Abu'l Qasim Said ibn Abdallah............................936 - 939
Rashid ibn
al-Wahid......................................939 - 943
Unknown ruler
Abu Muhammad Rizwan ibn Djafar...........................951 - 973
Shaykh Ward ibn Ziyad..........................................973
Buyids of
Iraq...........................................973 - 1050
Rashid ibn
Said.........................................1050 - 1053
Hafs ibn
Rashid................................................1053
Rashid ibn
'Ali.........................................1053 - 1055
Abu Djaber Musa ibn Musa al-Maali.......................1055 - 1057
Unknown ruler
Seljuqs of Kirman.......................................1063 - 1116
Mohammed ibn Habis......................................1116 - 1119
Rashid ibn
Ali..........................................1119 - 1130
Musa ibn Djaber al-Maali................................1130 - 1154
Mohammed ibn Hanbash....................................1154 - 1161
Hafs ibn
Muhammad.......................................1162 - 1165
Disunity. Omani territory represented
by several local states, most notably Suhar in the north, and later Nizwa in
the central area. The hinterland very thinly occupied, if at all, by nomadic
Bedouins.
NIZWA
A settlement in central Oman, the site of a
Kharijite Imamate in later Mediaeval times.
al-JULANDA
Malik ibn Ali...........................................1406 - 1429
Abu'l Hasan Abdallah....................................1430
- 1443/51
Umar ibn al-Khattab al-Azdi
(1st time)..................1451
- 1452 d. 1489
Unknown ruler
Umar ibn al-Khattab al-Azdi
(2nd time)..................1480
- 1489
Muhammad ibn Sulayman...................................1489
- 1491
Umar ash-Sharif.........................................1491
- 1492
Muhammad ibn Sulayman..........................................1492
Ahmad ibn Muhammad
ar-Raiki.............................1492 - 1499
Abu'l Hasan ibn Abd
as-Salam............................1499 - 1500
Muhammed ibn Ismail.....................................1500
- 1535
Abdullah ibn Muhammad...............................c.
1560 - 1615/1624 with ...
Habhan ibn al-Fallah................................c.
1615 - 1617 and then ?
Umayr ibn Himyar.......................................1617
- 1624
Yarubids (Oman)
thereafter...
Several coastal points to
Portugal......................1508 - 1649
Captain-Major Rui
Freire de Andrada................1623 - 1633
OMAN
YARUBI (YA'ARIBA)
Nasr ibn Murshid........................................1625 - 1649
Sultan I ibn Saif.......................................1649 - 1669
Ab'ul-Arab ibn Sultan...................................1669 - 1692
Saif
I ibn Sultan "Qayd al-Ard".........................1692 - 15 Oct 1711
He was also Imam from 1692 to 15
Oct 1711. He pressed down the East African
coast. A major obstacle was Fort Jesus (renamed to Fort Isa), housing the
garrison of a Portuguese settlement at Mombasa. After a two-year siege, it
fell to Saif in 1698.
Sultan
II ibn Saif...............................15 Oct 1711 - 1719
Saif
II ibn Sultan (1st
time)...........................1719
- Sep 1724
al-Muhanna ibn Sultan
ibn Majid (dissident).............1719 - 1720
Ya'rub ibn Ab’ul-Arab
(dissident)................14
Jun 1722 - 16 Mar 1723
BANU GHAFIR
Muhammad ibn Nasir...............................02
Oct 1724 - Mar 1728
YARUBI (YA'ARIBA)
Saif II
ibn Sultan (2nd
time)...................11
Apr 1728 - 1743 with...
Sultan
III ibn Murshid ibn Adi......................Feb 1742 - 20 Jun 1743
Ab’ul-Arab II ibn Himyar
ibn Sultan al-Ghafiri (1st)....1732 -
1738 as dissident
Ab’ul-Arab II ibn Himyar
ibn Sultan al-Ghafiri (2nd)....1744 -
1748
al BU SA'IDI
(title: Imams)
Abu Hilal Ahmad ibn
Sa'id........................10 Jun 1749 - 14 Dec 1783
Sa'id I ibn
Ahmad................................15 Dec 1783 - 1784
He abdicated secular power
to his son Hamid and retired to Rustaq and died in 1803.
[title: Hami Masqat wa Uman
(or Sayyid) (Hami of Muscat and Oman)]
Hamid ibn Sa'id.........................................1784
- 13 Mar 1792
Sultan ibn
Ahmad....................................Mar 1792 - 14 Nov 1804
Salim I ibn
Sultan...............................20 Nov 1804 - 14 Sep 1806 with...
Sa'id II ibn
Sultan..............................20 Nov 1804 - 19 Oct 1856
Said deposed his brother as
joint-ruler on 14 Sep 1806. In 1840 he moved his capital from Muscat, Oman,
to Stone Town, Zanzibar. Upon Sa'id's death in 1856, his third son Thuwayni
ibn Sa'id became Sultan of Muscat and Oman, while his sixth son Sayyid Majid
bin Sa'id became Sultan of Zanzibar.
Badr ibn Sayf (regent).............................1804
- 31 Jul 1806
Sayyid Thuwayni ibn
Sa'id........................19 Oct 1856 - 11 Feb 1866
Sayyid Salim II ibn
Thuwayni.....................11 Feb 1866 - 01 Oct 1868
[title: Imam; from 06 Apr
1861, Sultan Masqat wa Uman (Sultan of Muscat and Oman)]
Azzan ibn Qays...................................03
Oct 1868 - 30 Jan 1871
He deposed his distant
relative Sayyid Salim ibn Thuwaini and ruled according to religious law. He
also opposed the Saudi interference in the Buraimi Oasis and was eventually
killed by Salim's uncle, Sayyid Turki ibn Sa'id.
Sayyid Turki ibn Sa'id...........................31
Jan 1871 - 04 Jun 1888
He was the fifth son of
Said ibn Sultan. British Protectorate imposed on 20 March 1891.
Abdul-Aziz ibn
Said (regent)...................Aug
1875 - Dec 1875
Sayyid Faisal ibn
Turki..........................04 Jun 1888 - 05 Oct 1913
He was the Imam and second son of
Turki ibn Sa'id. By 1913 control over the interior was completely lost, and
a reconstituted imamate was again a threat to Muscat. In May 1913, Salim ibn
Rashid al Harthi was elected imam at Tanuf and spearheaded a revolt against
the sultan that combined both Hinawi and Ghafiri tribal groups.
alWasik Billah
alMajid Sayyid Taimur ibn Faisal..09 Oct 1913 - 10 Feb 1932
Between 1915 and 1920, the
sultan's forces were aided by British financial and matériel support against
the rebel tribes, ensuring adequate resistance but not total victory. An
uneasy situation of no war, no peace, existed, with the sultan controlling
Muscat and the coastal towns and the imam ruling the interior. This was
tacitly codified in the Treaty of As Sib in 1920, brokered by the British
political agent in Muscat. The treaty was between the sultan and the tribes,
represented by Shaykh Isa ibn Salih al Harthi, leader of the Al Harth tribe.
Ali (in
rebellion at Suhar as Sultan)...................1920 -
1932
He was a Paramount chief (tamimah)
of Bani Bu `Ali (Ghafiri Arabs) from 1913 to 1932.
Sa'id III ibn Taimur.............................10
Feb 1932 - 23 Jul 1970
When Sultan Taimur ibn Faisal abdicated for
financial reasons in 1932, his twenty-two-year-old elder son Said ibn Taimur
inherited an administration that was in debt. Despite the wealth that Oman
accumulated through its vast petroleum reserves, the Sultan Sa'id ibn Taimur
refused to use this money for the benefit of his subjects, and the country
essentially remained a feudal monarchy, run at Said's whim. In 1965, the
province of Dhofar revolted, this time with the support of China and some of
the nationalist Arab states, followed by an assassination attempt in 1966,
which had a marked effect on Said causing him to become even more erratic in
governing the country. Reportedly, even wearing eyeglasses was discouraged,
and the Sultan meted out punishments to people who appeared in his dreams.
No one was safe from the sultan's paranoia, not even his own son, Qaboos,
who was kept under virtual house arrest at the Sultan's palace in Salalah.
Qaboos staged a coup in 1970 and exiled / deposed his father to the United Kingdom.
[title: from 09 Aug 1970,
Sultan Uman (Sultan of Oman)]
Qaboos ibn Sa'id.................................23
Jul 1970 - date
Omani Tribal Polities
(Paramount chiefs) existed from 1880's to 1971. They were from al-Hiri (al-Harith
tribe of al-Sharquiyyah), Bani Bu `Ali (Ghafiri Arabs), Bani Hina, Bani
Riyam (Ghafiri Arabs) and Bani Ruwaha. Tariq ibn Taimur served as
the first Prime Minister from 14 Aug 1970 to 02 Jan 1972. Later Qaboos ibn
Sa'id became Prime Minister from 02 Jan 1972 onwards. Boundary agreement
reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including
Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details have not been
made public.
(title: Imam) - They were
always in opposition towards the government.
Salim ibn Rashid al-Kharusi......................24
May 1913 - 23 Jul 1920
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad
ibn Abd Allah al-Khalili al-Kharusi..30 Jul 1920 - May 1954
Ghalib ibn Ali al-Hinawi
(1st time).................May
1954 - 26 Sep 1955
Ghalib ibn Ali al-Hinawi
(2nd time).................Jul
1957 - 11 Aug 1957
Coinage of Oman
In the 1890s, coins for 1⁄12 and ¼ anna (⅓ and 1 paisa)
were minted specifically for use in Muscat and Oman by ruler Faisal bin Turki.
Before 1940, the Indian rupee and the Maria Theresa Thaler (known locally as the
Rial) were the main currencies circulating in Muscat and Oman, as the state was
then known, with rupees circulating on the coast and Thaler in the interior.
Maria Theresa Thaler were valued at 230 paisa, with 64 paisa equal to the rupee.
In AH 1359 (1940), coins were introduced for use in Dhofar region in
denominations of 10, 20 and 50 baisa. ½ Rial coins were added in AH 1367 (1948),
followed by 3 baisa in AH 1378 (1959) for Dhofar region as well. In AH 1365
(1946), 2, 5 and 20 baisa (mistakenly written as baiza) coins were introduced
for general use in Oman. In AH 1378 (1959) Rial Saidi (not to be confused with
Saudi riyal) and later in AH 1380 (1960) and AH 1381 (1961) ½ Rial Saidi
were introduced in Oman. Saidi Riyal was equal to the British pound. It replaced the Gulf
rupee at a rate of approximately 21 rupees to the Saidi Rial. In AH 1380 (1960)
3 baisa and in AH 1381 (1961) 5 baisa were particularly introduced for Muscat
province. The Indian Rupee and, from 1959, the Gulf Rupee continued to circulate
in Oman till 1970. The Kuwaiti Dinar from 1961 and Bahraini Dinar from 1965 were
also concurrently used till 1970. The new Saidi Rial was subdivided into 1000
baisa. The Rial Omani replaced the Rial Saidi at par in 1973. The currency name
was altered due to the regime change in 1970 and the subsequent change of the
country's name.
In AH 1390 (1970), a coinage for all of Muscat and Oman
was introduced. Denominations were 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 baisa. In AH 1395
(1975), new coins were issued with the country's name given as Oman. 100 baisa,
¼ and ½ Rial coins in base metal were introduced for circulation in late 1970s
and early 1980s.
Muscat & Oman Coinage under ruler: Faisal bin
Turki.
Currency:
Rupee = 16 Annas = 64 baisas.
These Quarter Annas were produced of the same size as used
in
the British India.
KM#2 Quarter Anna.
Year: AH1311 [1894].
Weight: 6.63 g.
Metal: Copper.
Diameter: 26.2 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse Legends
clockwise from 1311 in English: Imam of
Muscat & Oman Sultan Fessal Bin Toorky. 1311.
Reverse legends in Arabic: Imam Muscat and
Oman Al Sultan Faisal bin Turki bin Sa'id bin Sultan 1311.
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years: One year type.
Year on both sides.
KM#6 Quarter Anna.
Year: AH1312 [1895].
Weight: 6.32 g.
Metal: Copper.
Diameter: 26.2 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
Muscat. Obverse
Legends clockwise from dot in English:
Fessul Bin Turkee Imam of Muscat and Oman.
Reverse legends in Arabic from bottom to top: Faisal bin Turki
bin Sa'id bin Sultan, Imam Muscat and Oman.
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years: AH
1312-1313.
Reverse: Star between wreath points.
KM#12.4 Quarter Anna.
Year: AH1315 [1898].
Weight: 5.32 g.
Metal: Copper.
Diameter: 26.3 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
Muscat. Obverse
Legends clockwise from star in English:
Fessul Bin Turkee Imam of Muscat and Oman.
Reverse legends in Arabic from bottom to top: Faisal bin
Turki, Sultan Oman.
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
One year type. No Star between wreath
points on reverse side. Same design coin in light brown colour (copper
or Brass) also exists as KM#3.1, produced at Heaton Mint, Birmingham,
UK.
KM#15 Quarter Anna.
Year: AH1316 [1899].
Weight: 5.72 g.
Metal: Copper.
Diameter: 26.2 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
Muscat. Obverse
Legends clockwise from the top most point in English:
Fessul Bin Turkee Imam of Muscat and Oman.
Reverse legends in Arabic from bottom to top:
Faisal bin Turki, Sultan Oman.
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years: One year type.
Reverse: Star between wreath points.
Zufar (Dhofar, Dhufar) time line and coinage
under Muscat and Oman Ruler: Sa'id bin Taimur.
c.1096 Zafar founded with capital at Mirbat.
1265 - 1271
Persian occupation.
1325 - 1429?
Ruled by Kathiri Sultanate (Hadramaut).
1421 Sultanate of Zafar
1462/63 - 1804
Ruled by Kathiri Sultanate (Hadramaut).
1804 - 1829
Ruled by Saiyid Muhammad Aqil Adjaybi.
1539 Ottoman occupation.
1829 Annexed by Oman.
1876 Katiri and Qara` tribes
recognize suzerainty of Oman.
1879 Annexed by Oman.
1885 - 1886
Independent during revolt. Ruled by Saiyid Fadl Alawi Moplah.
09 Jun 1965 Dhofari revolt directed by the Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF).
Secretary General Musalim bin Nufl (09 Jun 1965 - 1968).
Sep 1968 Renamed Popular Front for the Liberation of the
Occupied
Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG). Secretary General Mohammad Ahmad Saïd
al Ghassani (01 Sep 1968 - 1975).
1971 PFLOAG merged with the
National Democratic Front Liberation of
Oman and Arabian Gulf (armed activity in central and northern
Oman from June 1970) to form the Popular Front for the
Liberation of Oman and the Arab Gulf.
Late 1971 A revolutionary government was set up de facto in
Dhofar.
19 Jan 1972 Failed attack on port of Mirbat.
Mar 1975 Peace agreement signed.
01 Dec 1975 Last PFLOAG occupied village, Dulkut, liberated.
11 Dec 1975 Sultan of Oman declares the rebellion terminated.
KM#22 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1359 [1940].
Weight: 3.75g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 22 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
"Dhofar" written on the top.
Reverse legends in Arabic:
Al-Fasak Billah Sa'id bin Taimur, Sultan Muscat Wa Oman.
Mintage: 572,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
KM#23 20 Baisa AH1359 Copper-Nickel (Mintage: 35,000) and KM#24 50
Baisa AH1359 Copper-Nickel (Mintage:
65,000) also exists. All these three coins are also produced in Gold.
KM#29
½ Rial.
Year: AH1367 [1948].
Weight: 13.92g
(14.03g).
Metal: 0.500 Silver.
Diameter: 35 mm. Edge:
Security. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
"Dhofar Half Riyal" written on the top and then
"Al-Sultanate Al-Sa'idya".
Reverse legends in Arabic from bottom to top:
Sa'id bin Taimur, Sultan Muscat Wa Oman.
Mintage: 200,000
including 410 Proof. Mintage Years: One year type.
Reverse: Larger outer circle with thinner legends than the below coin.
½ Rial.
Year: AH1367 [1948].
Weight: 13.90 g
(14.03 g).
Metal: 0.500 Silver.
Diameter: 35 mm. Edge:
Security. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
"Dhofar Half Riyal" written on the top and then
"Al-Sultanate Al-Sa'idya".
Reverse legends in Arabic from bottom to top:
Sa'id bin Taimur, Sultan Muscat Wa Oman.
Mintage: N/A. Mintage Years: One year type.
Thick reverse legends with smaller outer circle, unlisted style in Krause publication. Legends are same
as for KM#29a in gold metal.
KM#30 3 Baisa.
Year: AH1378 [1959].
Weight: 2.73 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 20 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
"Dhofar" written at the bottom.
Reverse legends in Arabic:
Sa'id bin Taimur (top) Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
8,000,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
Muscat province coinage under Muscat and Oman.
Ruler: Sa'id bin Taimur.
KM#32 3 Baisa.
Year: AH1380 [1960].
Weight: 1.98 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
"Muscat" written at the bottom.
Reverse legends in Arabic:
Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
10,000,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
KM#33 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1381 [1961].
Weight: 3.59 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 20 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Sailing Ship - "Muscat" written at the bottom.
Reverse legends in Arabic:
Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
5,000,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
General coinage of Muscat and Oman under ruler:
Sa'id bin Taimur.
Currency:
Saidi Rial = 1000 (new) baisas.
AH 1365 [1946]
KM#25
2 Baiza.
Year: AH1365 [1946].
Weight: 2.87 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 20 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(top), Sa'id bin Taimur (centre).
Reverse:
Value in words and numeric. Mintage:
1,500,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
This coin is similar in shape and size of British India 1/2 Anna. The
word "Baiza" is used instead of "Baisa".
KM#26 5 Baiza.
Year: AH1365 [1946].
Weight: 3.84 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 21 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(top), Sa'id bin Taimur (centre).
Reverse:
Value in words and numeric. Mintage:
3,849,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
This coin is similar in shape and size of British India one Anna. The
word "Baiza" is used instead of "Baisa".
KM#27 20 Baiza.
Year: AH1365 [1946].
Weight: 5.70 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 26.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(top), Sa'id bin Taimur (centre).
Reverse:
Value in words and numeric. Mintage:
1,135,000. Mintage Years: One year type.
This coin is similar in shape and size of British India two Annas. The
word "Baiza" is used instead of "Baisa".
AH 1378 - 1381 [1959-1961]
KM#31 Saidi Riyal.
Year: AH1378 [1959].
Weight: 28.00 g
(28.07 g).
Metal: 0.833 Silver.
Diameter: 26.5 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Saidi Riyal (top), Al-Sultanate Al-Sa'idya
(bottom).
Reverse within circle: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
1,000,000 + 100 Proof. Mintage Years: One year type.
KM#31a also exists with the same weight, shape, date and design but
having 0.500 silver with mintage of 400,000.
KM#34 1/2 Saidi Riyal.
Year: AH1380 [1960].
Weight: 13.91 g
(14.03 g).
Metal: 0.500 Silver.
Diameter: 35 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Nusuf Saidi Riyal (top).
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
300,000. Mintage Years:
AH 1380 and AH 1381.
KM#34 1/2 Saidi Riyal.
Year: AH1381 [1961].
Weight: 13.90 g
(14.03 g).
Metal: 0.500 Silver.
Diameter: 35 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Nusuf Saidi Riyal (top).
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
850,000. Mintage Years:
AH 1380 and AH 1381.
AH 1390 [1970]
Currency:
Rial = 100 baisas.
KM#36 2 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 1.75 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 16 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#37 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 3.10 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 19 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
3,400,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#38 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
4,500,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#39 25 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 2.90 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
2,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#40 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
1,600,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#40a 50 Baisa also
exists in 12.81 g, 0.916 Gold. Mintage: 350 pieces.
KM#41 100 Baisa.
Year: AH1390 [1970].
Weight: 11.30 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sa'id bin Taimur (top), Sultan Muscat Wa Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
1,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#41a 100 Baisa also
exists in 22.63 g, 0.916 Gold. Mintage: 350 pieces.
Sultanate of Oman coinage. Ruler: Qaboos ibn
Sa'id.
AH 1395 [1975]
KM#50 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1395 [1975].
Weight: 3.10 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 19 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
6,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985)
and AH1410 (1989).
KM#51 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1395 [1975].
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Sultanate Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
1,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
Subject: F.A.O. issue.
KM#45a 25 Baisa.
Year: AH1395 [1975].
Weight: 3.03 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
4,500,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#46a 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1395 [1975].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
2,500,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
1978
KM#64 1/2 Rial.
Year: AH1398 - 1978.
Weight: 13.45 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 7-sided, 32 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms flanked by dates. Reverse:
Lemon.
Mintage:
15,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
Subject: F.A.O. issue.
AH 1400 [1979-1980]
KM#50 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1400 [1979].
Weight: 3.10 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 19 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
3,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985)
and AH1410 (1989).
KM#52 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1400 [1979].
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultanate Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
5,250,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#45a 25 Baisa.
Year: AH1400 [1979].
Weight: 3.03 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
5,250,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#46a 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1400 [1979].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
2,750,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#66 1/4 Rial.
Year: AH1400 - 1980.
Weight: 6.50 g.
Metal:
Aluminum-Bronze.
Diameter: 26 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Sultanate Oman (top).
Reverse: Central Bank
of Oman (top), Quarter Rial (bottom). Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
KM#67 1/2 Rial.
Year: AH1400 - 1980.
Weight: 10.00 g.
Metal:
Aluminum-Bronze.
Diameter: 30 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Sultanate Oman (top).
Reverse: Central Bank
of Oman (top), Half Rial (bottom). Mintage:
2,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
AH 1404 [1984]
KM#68 100 Baiza.
Year: AH1404 - 1984.
Weight: 4.20 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Sultanate Oman (top).
Reverse: Central Bank
of Oman (top). Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
One year type.
AH 1406 [1985]
KM#52 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1406 [1985].
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultanate Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
3,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#45a 25 Baisa.
Year: AH1406 [1985].
Weight: 3.03 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#46a 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1406 [1985].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
AH 1410 [1989]
KM#50 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1410 [1989].
Weight: 3.10 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 19 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
5,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985)
and AH1410 (1989).
KM#52 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1410 [1989].
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultanate Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
6,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
KM#46a 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1410 [1989].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
4,000,000. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
AH 1411 - 1991
KM#82 100 Baisa.
Year: AH1411 - 1991.
Weight: 7.00 g.
Metal: Bi-Metallic,
Aluminumn-Bronze center and Copper-Nickel ring.
Diameter: 25 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value. Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Reverse:
100 Years of Oman coinage with Oman KM#2
picture of observe side. Mintage:
N/A + 1,000 Proof. Mintage Years:
One year type.
ND (1995)
KM#94 10 Baisa.
Year: ND (1995).
Weight: 4.70 g.
Metal: Bronze Clad
Steel.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value. Qaboos bin
Sa'id, Sultan of Oman.
Reverse:
Commemorating fifty years of F.A.O. UN.
Mintage: N/A + 224
Proof. Mintage Years:
One year type.
Subject: F.A.O. UN issue.
KM#95 50 Baisa.
Year: ND (1995).
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value. Qaboos bin
Sa'id, Sultan of Oman.
Reverse:
"Commemorating fifty years of UN 1945-1995" with UN 50 Years logo. Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
One year type.
Subject: UN issue.
AH 1418 [1997]
KM#46a 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1418 [1997].
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
National arms - Value.
Reverse: Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom). Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
AH1395 (1975), AH1400 (1979), AH1406 (1985),
AH1410 (1989) and AH1418 (1997).
AH 1420 - 1999
KM#150 5 Baisa.
Year: AH1420 - 1999.
Weight: 2.65 g.
Metal: Bronze Clad
Steel.
Diameter: 19 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: National
arms - Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
AH1420 - 1999 and AH1429 - 2008.
KM#151 10 Baisa.
Year: AH1420 - 1999.
Weight: 4.04 g.
Metal: Bronze Clad
Steel.
Diameter: 22.5 mm. Edge:
Plain. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: National
arms - Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
AH1420 - 1999 and AH1429 - 2008.
KM#152 25 Baisa.
Year: AH1420 - 1999.
Weight: 3.03 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 18 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: National
arms - Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
AH1420 - 1999 and AH1429 - 2008.
KM#153 50 Baisa.
Year: AH1420 - 1999.
Weight: 6.40 g.
Metal: Copper-Nickel.
Diameter: 24 mm. Edge:
Reeded. Alignment:
Medal. Mint:
N/A. Obverse:
Value.
Reverse: National
arms - Qaboos bin
Sa'id (top), Sultan Oman
(bottom).
Mintage:
N/A. Mintage Years:
AH1420 - 1999 and AH1429 - 2008.
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