Note: Crescent with pointed edge upwards Privy Mark at the bottom, between of two Hindi words.

KM#40.1 Rupee. Year: AH 1203 - RY17/31 (1789). Weight: 11.27g [11.33g]. Metal: Silver. Diameter: 22.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Rotated. Mint: Muhammadabad Banaras. Obverse: Sikka Zad Bar Haft Kishwur Sayaye Fazl Shah Alam Badshah Elah Hami Din Mohammad (Struck coin on the seven climes, Shadow of Allah's favour, Shah Alam Emperor, Defender of the faith of Muhammad). Stylish fish at right (mintmark) and sun (mintmark) in the center. Date (AH 1203) in lower field.

Note: Banaras or Kashi is now known as Varanasi (from Varuna river and Assi ghat). It is a North Indian city on the banks of the Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, India, 320 kilometres (200 mi) south-east of the state capital, Lucknow, and 121 kilometres (75 mi) east of Allahabad. The spiritual capital of India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in the development of Buddhism.

Note: KM#96.1 and 96.2 exists with Oblique milling (minted during 1793-1818) and KM#104 exists with Vertical milling edge (minted during 1830). Although the mint name on the coin is Murshidabad, these coins were struck at the Calcutta mint (crescent mint,ᵕ mark on middle left of obverse side at 9'O clock)

This coin has Privy marks in the middle line of Obverse side of the coin by looking at the three dot groups to differentiate mints for Calcutta, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna.

• Calcutta: No Privy mark (small dot) in the center of any of the three dotted group.
• Dacca (Dhaka): Privy mark (small dot) in the center of first dot group (group of four dots in circle). This group of dots are in the center of the coin or third group from right to left in the center row.
• Murshidabad: Privy mark (small dot) in the center of second dot group (group five dots in circle). This group of dots are second group from right to left in the center row.
• Patna: Privy mark (small dot) in the center of third dot group (group five dots in circle). This group of dots are located exactly at 3' O clock.

• Farrukhabad: mint mark dot '•' in the center of four dotted circle on Reverse side at 5' O clock.
• Calcutta: mint mark inverted v '^' on Obverse side between 4' O clock and 5' O clock.
• Banaras: mint mark both inverted v '^' on Obverse side and dot '•' in dotted cluster on Reverse sides.
• Sagar: no mint mark.

Note: The same coin as KM#69 was also produced in Oblique milling (Grained right) edge.

Note: The same coin as KM#77 was also produced with plain edge but having thin border rim and mint mark: Crescent on the left top side (10 O' clock) on the reverse side.

The coin should be dated AH1131.

Reverse: Zarb Mumbai (Ahad) julus maimanat manus (Struck at Mumbai in the year First of the accession associated with tranquil prosperity). Mintage: N/A.  Mintage Years: One year type. Ruler: citing Rafi ul-Daulah Shah Jahan II S/o Rafi ush-Shah (ruled in 1719 only). Note: Somehow Scarce.

The coin should be dated AH1147.

Note: The five-petalled flower with stem became the mintmark for Bombay in 1735 during the reign of Muhammad Shah, and was continued in the reigns of Ahmad Shah Bahadur and Alamgir II.

Year: AH 115x - RY21 [1738]. Weight: 11.51g. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Mumbai (Bombay).

The coin should be dated AH1151.

Unlisted Date in Krause Publications.

Shah Jahan III (1711 – 1772), (شاه جہان ۳) also known as Muhi-ul-millat was Mughal Emperor who ruled briefly. He was the son of Muhi-us-Sunnat, the eldest son of Muhammad Kam Bakhsh who was the youngest son of Aurangzeb. He was placed on the Mughal throne in December 1759 as a result of the intricacies in Delhi with the help of Imad-ul-Mulk. He was later deposed by Maratha Sardars in December 1760.

Note: The letters in the balemark may be arranged in the usual way, or the E and the I may be transposed.

Note: This coin has no dot below V and has short and sharp point in balanced scales.

Pivot: The length and style of the pivot varies.

• I: Medium length and fairly sharp point.
• II: Longer and blunter point.
• III: Short and sharp point.

Production of these coins is often attributed to the mint of the East India Company in London. This may be based on Pridmore, who in discussing why the coins were struck in England says "Other reasons may have been connected with the establishment of the Company's mint at London at French Ordinary Court, equipped with modern machinery from Boulton's Soho foundry". Doty however places the work firmly at Soho itself. He follows the coinage from the initial contact between Robert Wissett of the EIC and Boulton on 11 December 1790 through difficulties in obtaining the copper from Thomas Williams and the production and shipment of the different denominations even noting that "simultaneous striking of the largest and smallest sizes continued until the first day of December". Doty goes on to support Boulton's pride "He had valid reason for pride. In nine months' time, he had struck over seventen million copper coins for Bombay. This would have represented a hefty output for any public mint of the day; but Boulton's private one at Soho had achieved several other projects as well". Doty records the mintage figure for the 2 Pice denomination as 1,174,630.

Note: Width of Rim can be Narrow or Broad.

Note: Width of Rim can be Narrow or Broad.

Note: The coin's obverse and reverse is designed from pervious issues. Size of letters is 1 mm for legends "QUARTER ANNA". KM#231.2 is produced with 1.5 mm for legends "QUARTER ANNA", having date 1832//AH1347.

Year: 1832- AH1246. Weight: 6.28g [6.97g].  Diameter: 25.00 mm.

Note: KM#251 has medium legends/size written for "HALF ANNA", KM#252 has large legends and KM#253 has small legends.

Note: On 22 August 1639, which is referred to as Madras Day, the English East India Company under Francis Day bought a small strip of land stretching 3 miles on the Coromandel Coast. They got a license to build a fort and a castle in the contracted region. The ruler Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, the Nayaka of Chandragiri, granted the English permission to build a factory and warehouse for their trading enterprises. The region was then primarily a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam". A year later, the English built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort. In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages. The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore. They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759 under the leadership of Eyre Coote. In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war. By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern–day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.

Silver rupees were introduced into southern India by Aurangzeb after his conquest of Golconda and Bijapur in 1687. The company sought permission to mint rupees in Madras, and received this permission from Kam Baksh, the son of Aurangzeb, in 1692. The so-called "Madras rupee" appears to have been struck primarily for use in Bengal. Chinapattan mint started to issue coins in 1704 in the name of Mughal Emporor Aurangzeb and later on Shah Alam Bahadur, Jahandar Shah, Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah. Arcot mint produced coins of Mughal Emperor Ahmed Shah Bahadur and Machhlipatan mint of Alamgir II.

Year: ND - RY 5x [1707]. Weight: 11.50g.  Diameter: 21.25 mm. Alignment: Medal.

This coin might be RY50 or RY51. My coin has 8 various test marks on the edge.

Year: ND - RY3 [1709]. Weight: 11.46g.  Diameter: 23.00 mm. Alignment: Rotated.

Note: According to Kaslove, this coin also exists in Medal alignment, both in bronzed and copper as proofs.

Note: Unlisted type in Krause publications. It seems that the diameter of the coin is reduced as it has many cuts all around.

01. The line separating the Persian from the English legends differs. It may be a number of dots alone with medal alignment.
02. The line separating the Persian from the English legends differs. It may be a number of dots alone with coin alignment.
03. The line separating the Persian from the English legends differs. It may be no separator with medal alignment.
04. The line separating the Persian from the English legends differs. It may be no separator with coin alignment.

Note: Also exists, struck on a XX Cash planchet.

Obverse Varieties:

Separator: The line separating the Persian from the English legends differs. It may be a plain line, two plain lines, a number of dots and stars, or a number of dots alone. The single plain line variety often has a second thin line immediately underneath. The double plain line variety is two clearly separated lines of about the same width. Possible combinations are: Plain, Two Plain, Dots/Stars, 5 dots/dash, 6 dots/dash, 7 Dots or 9 Dots.
Stop After X: There is usually a stop after the X value letter. Sometimes this is missing.

Reverse Varieties:

Dividing Line: There may or may not be a dividing line between the Tamil and Telugu legends. The single line variety often has a thin second line associated with it. The double line variety has two distinct lines of about equal width
First Tamil Letter: The first letter in the Tamil legend may take a number of different forms. This might be the correct form, a modified form or a square form.

Note: This coin has no center circle on both sides.

Obverse Varieties:

Centre Circle: There may or may not be a plain circle surrounding the Persian legend.
Stops in Legend: The stops in the English legend may be composed of single dots (1), or a quartet of dots (Q) arranged roughly in the shape of a diamond. (E.g. Q+1 means quartet after DOUBLE and single after FANAM, 1+Q means single after DOUBLE and quartet after FANAM). Alternatively there may be no stops at all (0). Possible combinations are: 1+1, 1+Q, 0+0 or 0+1.
F & A's of FANAM: The second bar of F of FANAM is missing. A's of FANAM are upside-down V's.
F of FANAM (as E): F of FANAM represented by E.
Second bar of F: The second bar of the F is missing.
All letters of FANAM: F represented by E, 'A's with no bars, N retrograde, M represented by W.

Reverse Varieties:

Centre Circle: The Telugu legend may or may not be surrounded by a plain circle.
Legend U/S Down: The Telugu legend may or may not be upside-down relative to the Tamil legend.
Stops in Legend: The stops in the Tamil legend may be composed of single dots (1), or a quartet of dots (4) arranged roughly in the shape of a diamond. Alternatively there may be no stops at all (0). Possible combinations are: Q+Q, 0+0, 1+1 or 1+Q.

Note: This coin has center circle on both sides.

Buckle Shape: No Buckle (formed of dots). Spelling of Legend: Correct. Stop in Legend: Yes. Shading in Buckle: Not available. Tamil legend: Clockwise (opposite from above coin).

Note: Larger buckle, "Do" in Persian in larger legend, lines are crossing after "M" in "FANAM" and the size of legends are wide and smaller on both sides from the above KM#340 coin.

Obverse Varieties:

Buckle Shape: The buckle may be square, short oval, long oval or formed with dots (no buckle).
Spelling of Legend: The legend may be mis-spelt, e.g. DOUBLE may be spelt DOBLE or DOBBLE, and FANAM spelt FANM or FANAW.
Diacritical marks: There should be one diacritical mark in the Persian legend. This mark is above the central legend (upper mark - U). There may be an extra dot within the letters (mid mark - M), or another mark below the letters (lower mark - L). Some coins have no marks.
Stop in Legend: There may or may not be a stop in the legend.
Shading in Buckle: The shading may or may not extend into the buckle.

Reverse Varieties:

Tamil legend: The Tamil legend may run in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.

Edge with Vertical reeded types:

• KM#338 2 FANAM: ND(1807) 1.85 g., Silver, 12.5 mm. Obverse: Value in English around center circle. Reverse: Value in Telugu and Tamil, without center circle.
• KM#341 2 FANAM: ND(1808) 1.85 g., Silver, 12.5 mm Obverse: Without center circle, value in English. Reverse: With center circle, value in Telugu and Tamil.

Stops in legend: There may be no stops in the English legend, or there may be a centre stop.
Buckle Shape: The buckle may be Large square, Small square (or medium), oval, or formed with dots. Some Oval buckles may appear square but can be differentiated by the rounded corners and the shape of the tongue.
Shading in buckle: The shading may or may not extend into the buckle.
Cross tongue: The buckle may or may not have a cross-tongue.
Spelling of FIVE: FIVE may be mis-spelt FIVB.
The Tamil legend: clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.
Alignment: Medal and in some rare case Coin as well.
Edge: Grained right but in some rare case Grained left as well.

This coin is having thinner legends on both sides. The "Q" in QUARTER, Dot circular pattern near the border, Buckle style, Tamil legend distance from the banner end on the right side and the deity Vishnu image, sword size in Vishnu's left hand are visible difference from the above coin. Weight: 10.50g [10.58g]. Diameter: 26.60 mm [25.60 - 28.30 mm].

There are 21 obverse and 16 reverse combinations, making 50 types recorded of this Quarter Pagoda coin.

Obverse Varieties:

Buckle Shape: The buckle may be square or oval.
Number of stars: The number of stars on each side of the gopuram can vary; 7+7 or 8+8 or 9+8 or 9+9.
Stops in Legend: The English legend may contain no stops, a centre stop alone, an end stop alone, or a centre stop plus an end stop.
Shading in buckle: The shading may or may not extend into the buckle.
Cross tongue: The buckle may or may not have a cross-tongue.
Spelling of QUARTER: QUARTER may be mis-spelt QUARTE
Spelling of PAGODA: PAGODA may be mis-spelt PAPAGODA or PAGOD.

Reverse Varieties:

Bead below Vishnu: There may be zero, one or two beads below Vishnu's feet within the stalk of the lotus flower. These beads are separate from those that form part of the circles of beads.
Top Left Cross: Next to Vishnu's left arm is an arrangement of dots topped by a cross shape, representing one of his wives. The number of dots that form this figure varies. Very rarely, one of the beads may be incorporated into the inner circle of beads. The number of beads in the cross is then expressed as, 8/9 or 9 or 11.
Top Right Cross: Next to Vishnu's right arm is an arrangement of dots topped by a cross shape, representing one of his wives. The number of dots that form this figure varies. Very rarely, two of the beads may be incorporated into the inner circle of beads. The number of beads in the cross is then expressed as, 9 or 9/11 or 11 or 13.
Vishnu's Sword: The facing figure of Vishnu usually holds a sword in his left hand, but rarer examples exist with the sword in his right hand, or no sword at all.
Stop in Legend: There may or may not be a stop between the Tamil and Telugu legends.
Bead above Vishnu: There is sometimes a single bead above Vishnu's head. This bead is sometimes incorporated into the inner ring of beads and it is then difficult to determine if there is a separate bead or not. If there is doubt, then NO bead is considered to be present.

Note: A Gopuram or Gopura, is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of any temple, especially in Southern India. This forms a prominent feature of Koils, Hindu temples of the Dravidian style. They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.

Note: Closed lotus form also exists with the same date and reignal year as KM#412 minted 1817-1835.

KM#427 / Prid#263 Rupee. Year: AH 1172-RY6. Weight: 11.59g [11.66g]. Metal: Silver. Diameter: 26.00 mm. Edge: Reeded (Vertical milling). Alignment: Medal. Mint: Calcutta. Obverse: Sikka Mubarak Badshah Ghazi Aziz ad-din Mohammad Alamgir (Auspicious coin of the fighter of infidels (Ghazi), the emperor Aziz ad-din Mohammad Alamgir) // 1172. Reverse: Rose. Zarb Arkat (6) julus maimanat manus (Struck at Arcot in the year 6 of the accession associated with tranquil prosperity). Mintage: N/A. Mintage Years: One year type but minted during 1823-1825.

Note: KM#436 / Prid#268 Rupee has the same specification as above coin but have an additional small crescent on Reverse side at 5 o' clock near the edge. This issue was struck by the French as were Arcot Rupees in the names of other Mughal emperors, dated AH1149-1233.

Other Varieties of Arkat Rupee with Lotus mint marks:

• KM# 403 / Prid#247. Silver Rupee. Weight: 12.10 g. Diameter: 28.00 mm. Edge: Oblique milling. Mint mark: Open Lotus. Date: AH 1172//6 Frozen. Mintage: 2,144,806. Dies and machinery were produced in Calcutta.

• KM# 410 / Prid.#251, Prid.#252. Silver Rupee. Weight: 11.66 g. Diameter: 27.80 mm. Edge: Indented cord milling. Mint mark: Open Lotus. Date: AH 1172//6 Frozen and AH1176(sic)//6 Frozen. Mintage: 10,939,021 (for both types).

• KM# 415.1 / Prid#258. Silver Rupee. Weight: 11.66 g. Diameter: 27.80 mm. Edge: Indented cord milling. Mint mark: Closed form Lotus. Date: AH 1172//6 Frozen. Mintage: 63,116,258. Mint: Madras.

• KM# 415.2. Silver Rupee. Weight: 11.66 g. Diameter: 27.80 mm. Edge: Center graining left. Mint mark: Closed form Lotus. Date: AH 1172//6 Frozen. Mintage: N/A.

This coin occurs with four varieties. The size of lion and placement of stop after COMPANY vary.

Note: There are some varieties of 4 Pies, regarding the wreath tip at the top. This coins has left tip straight and right tip down as shown. Some more varieties are as follow:

• KM#430 4 PIES 1824//AH1240, left tip straight and right tip down (different date than above coin).
• KM#432 4 PIES 1825//AH1240, right tip points up.
• KM#433 4 PIES 1825//AH1240, right tip in straight line.

Note: Size differentiate between Bombay, Calcutta and Madras mints.

Note: Calcutta mint coins with diameter 17.5 mm were produced in 1835 as proof and in 1848 with mintage of 14,380,000.

Quarter annas dated 1835 were issued from Calcutta starting in December 1835 although there was much debate about whether or not to go ahead with the coinage. In the middle of 1836 the coinage of copper coins was suspended due to the lack of copper driving up the price. By the end of June about 17 million pieces had been struck. It was not until 1838 that a new method for getting the coins into circulation was introduced [9]. Madras began to strike the coins in the middle of 1837. Bombay continued to issue the quarter annas that had been introduced in 1830, before the uniform coinage, and it was not until 1846/47 that this mint began to strike quarter annas with the same design as that of the other two mints. Attribution of the quarter annas dated 1835 to the different mints is difficult. Pridmore chose to assign coins to the various mints based on the diameter of their flans. Diameter is certainly a distinguishing feature for some coins (26.1-26.3mm compared with 25.2-25.5mm). Pridmore assigns the larger diameter coins to Calcutta, though his grounds for doing so are not clearly apparent. It may be because he identifies some proofs with broad rims as issues of the Calcutta Mint, and these have diameters of 26.2mm. He then divides the smaller diameter coins between Bombay (25.2-25.3mm) and Madras (25.4-25.5mm). This difference is very difficult substantiate.

Differences in Quarter Anna 1835 coins:

• Diameter of the coin: Size differentiate between Bombay: 25.2 mm (Mintage: 36,766,903), Calcutta: 26.2 mm (Mintage: 755,059,377) and Madras: 25.5 mm (Mintage: 186,529,741). 1849 date is known without any mint details. There is only one type for Bombay mint, seven varieties of Calcutta mint and two varieties for Madras.
• The numeral 1 in the date may have a flat top (F) or a sloping top (S). There are other differences e.g. ornament below shield is attached to the shield on sloping top variety but detached on flat top variety. Flat top variety belongs purely to Calcutta mint only.
• The ribs of the lions also differ: Less clear ribs or very clear ribs.
• The number of berries in wreath may vary:
• BOMBAY
  • 30 (15L;15R), Loops of Ribbon: Large (like two circles), Ribbon ends: Forked, Wreath tip leaves: 3.
• CALCUTTA
  • 18 (9L;9R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: Above. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3. Sloping top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 18 (9L;9R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: At. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3. Sloping top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 23 (12L;11R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: Below. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3. Sloping top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 23 (12L;11R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: Below. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3. Flat top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 24 (13L;11R), Loops of Ribbon: Smallest, Y in Company: Below. Ribbon ends: Forked, Wreath tip leaves: 3. Flat top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 24 (12L;12R), Loops of Ribbon: Smallest, Y in Company: At. Ribbon ends: Forked, Wreath tip leaves: 4. Flat top of Numeral "1" in date.
  • 27 (13L;14R), Loops of Ribbon: Smallest, Y in Company: At. Ribbon ends: Forked, Wreath tip leaves: 4. Flat top in Numeral "1" in date.
• MADRAS
  • 17 (8L;9R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: Above. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3.
  • 18 (9L;9R), Loops of Ribbon: Small, Y in Company: Above. Ribbon ends: Pointed, Wreath tip leaves: 3.
• Loops of Ribbon: Large, Small and Smallest.
• Y of COMPANY: The Y of COMPANY may point above a berry in the wreath, at a berry in the wreath, or below a berry.
• Ribbon Ends: The ends of the ribbon below the bow may be forked or pointed.
• Wreath tip leaves: The number of leaves in the wreath tip may be 3 or 4.
• Alignment: The 1835 dated coins exists in both medal and coin rotations.
• Full stop after COMPANY: Mainly Bombay mint only.

Note: KM#446.1 has smaller shield produced by Bombay and Madras mint in both medal and coin rotations.

Weight: 6.17g [6.47g]. Diameter: 26.20 mm. Mint: Calcutta.

Note: Berries: 18 (9L;9R). Sloping 1 in date. No ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Small. Y in COMPANY above berry. Ribbon Ends: Pointed. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Alignment: Medal.

Weight: 5.74g [6.47g]. Diameter: 26.20 mm. Mint: Calcutta.

Note: Berries: 18 (9L;9R). Sloping 1 in date. Very clear ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Small. Y in COMPANY at berry. Ribbon Ends: Pointed. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Alignment: Medal.

Note: Berries: 23 (12L;11R). Sloping 1 in date. Very clear ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Small. Y in COMPANY below berry. Ribbon Ends: Pointed. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Alignment: Coin.

Weight: 6.69g [6.47g]. Diameter: 26.20 mm. Mint: Calcutta.

Note: Berries: 24 (13L;11R). Flat 1 in date. Very clear ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Smallest. Y in COMPANY below berry. Ribbon Ends: Forked. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Alignment: Medal.

Same as above coin, but slightly rotated as shown.

Weight: 6.47g [6.47g].

Alignment: Medal.

Note: Berries: 17 (8L;9R). Sloping 1 in date. Not clear ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Small. Y in COMPANY above berry. Ribbon Ends: Pointed. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Alignment: Medal. Full stop after COMPANY.

Weight: 6.51g [6.47g]. Mint: Madras. Clear ribs of the lion.

Note: Berries: 17 (8L;9R). The alphabets in word "QUARTER" is not on the same level and looks clumsy.

Alignment: Medal.

Note: Berries: 18 (9L;9R). Sloping 1 in date. Not clear ribs of the lion. Loop of Ribbon: Small. Y in COMPANY above berry. Ribbon Ends: Pointed. 3 leaves in Wreath tip leaves.

Note: The "R" in QUARTER" is raised then the rest of the alphabets. Alignment: Medal.

Dark in colour. Slightly reduced legends.

Weight: 12.99g [12.95g]. Diameter: 30.50 mm.

One side is slightly rotated as shown.

Weight: 12.84g [12.95g]. Diameter: 30.50 mm.

Differences in Quarter Rupee 1835 coins:

• Types:
  • Bombay Mint: No initial on neck with 20 berries. ANNA word in Hindi. Mintage: 5,759,761.
  • Calcutta Mint: RS on neck with 20 berries. ANNA word with Hindi or Persian. Mintage: 921,840.
  • Calcutta Mint: F incuse or F relief on neck, 20, 19, 18 or 10 berries exists. Mintage: 9,841,680.
• Date numeral:  The date numerals may be small or large.
• Language of value: The word: ANNA may be in Hindi or Persian for 20 berries issues only.
• Dot after date: There may or may not be a dot after the date.
• The number of berries in wreath may vary: 20 (10L;10R), 19 (10L;9R), 18 (10L;8R) or 10 (6L;4R). Bombay mint contains only 20 berries while Calcutta mint has all four varieties.
• Initials on bust: There may or may not be initials in the centre of the truncation of the bust. Initials on bust can be R.S, F incuse or F relief.

Note: The quarter rupees were proclaimed current at the same time as the rupees in September 1835.

Note: The type should have in obverse side "F" in relief truncation, which could not be detected.

Differences in Half Rupee 1835 coins:

• Types:
  • Bombay Mint: No initial on neck with 20 berries. Mintage: 3,572,756.
  • Calcutta Mint: RS on neck with 21 berries. Mintage: 521,380.
  • Calcutta Mint: F incuse or F relief on neck, 21, 20 or 19 berries exists. Mintage: 6,700,099.
• The number of berries in wreath may vary: 21 (11L;10R), 20 (10L;10R) and 19 (9L;10R). Bombay mint contains only 20 berries while Calcutta mint has all three varieties.
• Initials on bust: There may or may not be initials in the centre of the truncation of the bust. Initials on bust can be R.S, F incuse or F relief.

Note: The half rupees were proclaimed current at the same time as the rupees in September 1835.

Initials: None

Initials: F relief

Initials: F incuse

Initials: R.S.

The above coin has Two leaves in leaf group, Wreath end near, Extra Berry with gap between N and leaf tip are far. This coin also exists in thin legends.

The above coin has Bud in leaf group, Wreath end very near, No Extra Berry with gap between N and leaf tip are near. Note: Thin dots in Persian one Rupee.

The above coin has Bud in leaf group, Wreath end near, No Extra Berry with gap between N and leaf tip are far.

The above coin has Bud in leaf group, Wreath end very near, Extra Berry with gap between N and leaf tip are far. Note: This coin also exists in thin legends as KM#450.7. The above mintage includes both Thick and thin legends.

• KM#453.1 => Diameter: 19.5 mm. Mint: Bombay. Obverse: English head. Mintage: 10,617,480.
• KM#453.2 => Diameter:  19.3 mm. Mint: Calcutta. Obverse: English head. Reverse: With crescent on left ribbon bow, 20 berries. Mintage: 12,994,320.
• KM#453.3 => Diameter:  19.6 mm. Mint: Madras. Obverse: English head.with S incuse on truncation. Reverse: “v” on right ribbon bow, 20 berries. Mintage: 6,450,480.
• KM#453.4 => Mint: Calcutta. Obverse: “Indian” head with thinner features. Reverse: 34 berries. Mintage: including above type.

Differences in Quarter Rupee 1840 divided legend coins:

Initials on bust:

• Mule coin having divided legends with 34 berries. Mint: Bombay & Calcutta. Mintage: 40,532.
• W.W. - [Bombay and Calcutta mints and slightly larger ones by Madras mint]. Mintage: Calcutta: 32,012,400 and Bombay: 8,519,480. This coin exists as Plain 4 and Crosslet 4 in Value from both mints.
• W.W.S - [Madras mint] - Total Mintage for Madras (including this and below type: 13,663,510.
• W.W.B  [Madras mint]

As with the rupee, the quarter rupee dies had to be modified by Calcutta after the originals had been received from London in 1849. Again, distinction between coins struck at Bombay and Calcutta is not possible although Pridmore has raised the possibility that the coins with a Serif on the 4 in the date may be from Bombay and Sans Serif for Calcutta. There is no evidence to support this. The tiny crescent mark on the bow is usually quite clearly visible on some Serif variety. Madras mint coins have no Dot after date, Serif Cross-bar of 4 and no Crescent on the bow of the ribbon.

Differences in Half Rupee 1840 Continuous legends coins:

• Types:
  • Bombay Mint: No initial on neck. English head. No privy mark on bow. Dot after date. Mintage: 9,844,380.
  • Calcutta Mint: Mintage: 8,049,420 for both types indicated below.
    • No initial on neck. English head. Crescent privy mark on bow. Dot after date.
    • No initial on neck. Indian head. Thinner features. Crescent privy mark on bow. Dot after date.
  • Madras Mint: No initial on neck. English head. Probably visible v privy mark on bow. Dot after date. Mintage: 1,874,420.
  • Madras Mint: S initial on neck. English head. v privy mark on bow. Dot after date. Mintage: 1,874,420.
• Diameter:
  • Bombay Mint: 24.5 - 24.6 mm. Restrikes are an exception to this, often having the diameter of the Bombay mint (where they were actually struck) but having the design of another mint.
  • Calcutta Mint: 24.2 - 24.4 mm.
  • Madras mint: 24.7 - 24.9 mm.
• Initials on bust: There may or may not be initials on the truncation of the bust. The only Initial is S incuse and so far no specimen is traced.
• Style: The bust may have an English or Indian appearance. The most notable distinguishing feature is the nose.
• Privy mark on Bow: There may be a crescent or a v on the ribbon bow (images shown below under Rupee coins). Only one specimen is found having the crescent.
• Dot after date: There is usually a dot after the date. Occasionally this dot is missing and are considered MULE or rare samples.

Specimens of a half rupee were submitted for approval on 25th February 1842, and these were received on 15th March. As with the rupees, differences such as Indian / English heads or presence or absence of crescent on ribbon on reverse, are often difficult to identify.

Note: No initials found as usually. English head. No privy mark on Bow. There is dot after date.

No initial

NO IMAGE AVAILABLE

S initial

Crescent Privy Mark (Highlighted)

v Privy Mark (Highlighted)

No Privy Mark

M incuse on left ribbon end

Large Date Digits. Note the 0 and serif on cross-bar of 4.

Small Date Digits. Note the 0 and no serif on cross-bar of 4.

Bud above E in ONE

Two Leaves above E in ONE

34 Berries (Highlighted). 19 left and 15 right. Arrow shows the location of a special berry.

34 Berries (Highlighted). 19 left and 15 right. Arrow shows the location of a special berry left of O in ONE.

35 berries variety coin contains both of these special berries.

English Head

Indian Head Various small difference exits like the nose style, bottom of the bust, the neck alignment, the floating curl, forehead style, etc.

2 mm distance on the left side of the bust  from the rim.
 

1 mm distance on the left side of the bust  from the rim.

No Hair on Ribbon

Hair on Ribbon

NO IMAGES AVAILABLE

There may or may not be diagonal ridges on the top right and the bottom ribbons. The lock of hair may or may not cross the ridge on the bottom ribbon.

NO IMAGES AVAILABLE

Ridges on Ribbon: None, Initials on bust: None, Point of Bust: 2mm, Lock of Hair: No, Head Type: English. Berries in wreath: 19 (10L;9R), Leaf group: Bud, Privy Mark: None, Date Digits: Large.

Small diamonds in Persian legend. Surprising there is a dot between C and Queen Victoria's eye.

Ridges on Ribbon: None, Initials on bust: None, Point of Bust: 2mm, Lock of Hair: No, Head Type: English. Berries in wreath: 19 (10L;9R), Leaf group: Bud, Privy Mark: None, Date Digits: Large.

Large diamonds in Persian legend. Unknown countermark "B" on Queen Victoria's bust.

Ridges on Ribbon: None, Initials on bust: None, Point of Bust: 2mm, Lock of Hair: No, Head Type: English. Berries in wreath: 19 (10L;9R), Leaf group: Bud, Privy Mark: v, Date Digits: Large.

Unlisted type as this coin has Bud instead of Two Leaves.

Ridges on Ribbon: Present, Initials on bust: None, Point of Bust: 1mm, Lock of Hair: Yes, Head Type: Indian. Berries in wreath: 34 (19L;15R lower bead type), Leaf group: Two Leaves, Privy Mark: Crescent, Date Digits: Small (Note the 0 and no serif on cross-bar of 4).

Unlisted type as Privy Mark: Crescent, 34 berries (lower bead type instead of bead by ONE) and M incuse on left ribbon end.

Note: 28 berries (13 on left and 15 on right). KM#458.1 with small diamonds in Persian legends also exits.

Note: Same as above coin but the Queen Victoria bust side shows some cracks, probably produced on broken die.

Differences in Two Annas 1841 coins:

• Types:
  • Bombay Mint: .W.W (Bombay mint has dot before the Ws) initials on bust. Mintage: 8,427,040.
  • Calcutta Mint: W.W. initials on bust. Mintage: 43,002,080.
  • Madras Mint: S.W.W initials on bust. Mintage: 26,930,380.
• Diameter:
  • Bombay Mint: 15.7 mm.
  • Calcutta Mint: 15.3 mm.
  • Madras mint: 15.7 mm.
• The number of berries in wreath may vary: 16 (?L;?R), 10 (6L;4R), 9 (5L;4R), 8 (4L;4R). Bombay mint contains 9 or 10 berries, Calcutta mint contains 9 or 16 berries and Madras has 8 or 9 berries.
• Dot after date: There may or may not be a dot after the date.

Note: As with the rupee, the two anna dies had to be modified by Calcutta after the originals had been received from London in 1849.

Note: W.W. initial on truncation. No dot after date. 9 Berries (5L;4R).

Note: 1835 issue exists in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras mints.

• 1857 Quarter Anna coins produced by Soho Mint in July 1857. Mintage: 47,040,000. The tips of the leaves may be formed from double leaves or single leaves. This is most obvious at the tips of the wreath.
• 1858 Quarter Anna coins produced by James Watt & Co., Birmingham in May 1860. Mintage: 62,720,000. The tips of the leaves is formed of a single leaves only. Usually they have large shield.
• 1858 Quarter Anna coins produced by Ralph Heaton & Sons, Birmingham. Total Mintage: 172,480,000 (October 1859: 54,880,000, May 1860: 62,720,000, April? 1862: 54,880,000). The tips of the leaves is formed of double leaves. Usually they have small shield.

Note: One of the last coins of East India Company.